The search for legitimacy and organizational change: The agency of subordinated actors

This article investigates the organizational changes triggered by the implementation of certified management systems (CMS) in Denmark and explores how institutionalized organizational practices change over time. The study shows that improvements in performance were not significant in the implementation of CMS, though in most cases its adoption implied organizational changes. The study also shows that the search for external legitimacy was appropriated by various internal organizational actors, other than management. When internal actors share the institutionalized beliefs and norms of the wider society, they implicitly strive to reduce decoupling. We argue that understanding the social dynamics of legitimacy in organisations requires paying attention to the agency of superordinated as well as subordinate actors.     

广西长洲水利枢纽工程计算机监控系统研究

文章介绍广西长洲水利枢纽工程计算机监控系统结构、功能、配置及其特点,为水电厂计算机监控系统提供了一种全新的控制方式,同时介绍双CPU双网络的计算机监控系统现地控制单元与其他辅机系统之间使用以太网通讯的方法。     

Really useful knowledge? Critical Management Education in the UK and the US

This article reviews the Critical Management Education (CME) literature produced since 1995 and compares its development in the United Kingdom with that of the United States. It explores the relationship between CME, as an academic field, and that of Critical Management Studies (CMS), the wider movement that deploys critiques drawn from sociology and political science perspectives. In the UK, the origins of CME are in established debates about utilitarian versus liberal education and in radical adult education theory—quite separate from the CMS movement. In the US however, the article argues that business schools and the academy are sites that the CMS is attempting to colonise and CME cannot, in that context, be separated from the CMS project.     

系统工程方法在客户市场细分中的应用

从动态联盟核心竞争力的视角出发，用系统工程的方法对客户市场细分进行了机理分析，提出了运用灰色关联度模型对客户市场细分的具体过程，从而得出了动态联盟企业的最优目标客户市场，为企业营销及运营决策提供了有力支持。     

Manufacturing strategy implementation and cost management systems effectiveness

The fit between manufacturing strategy and the use of cost management systems that could effectively support a firm's information needs in strategic and operational decision-making is prerequisite for a firm's ability to attain desired objectives in its value chain. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the use of just-in-time and electronic data interchange systems, as an important dimension of a firm's manufacturing strategy, and the perceptions of top financial officers about the effectiveness of cost management systems in supporting strategic and operational decision needs. The results for the research hypothesis, which was examined using a sample of 604 manufacturing organizations in the USA, provided some support for the argument that perceptions of effectiveness of a firm's CMS can be a valid indicator of how well is the CMS designed to support strategic and operational decision needs that are necessary for the implementation of a firm's manufacturing strategy.     

Are single‐gift committed donors different from their multiple‐gift counterparts?

Committed donors who keep giving every year are a key asset for nonprofit organizations because they provide a steady funding source and return a higher lifetime value. We distinguish between committed donors who give only one gift per year (single‐gift (SG) donors) and those who give multiple gifts in at least some year (multiple‐gift (MG) donors). In this paper, we study whether SG donors and MG donors follow different longitudinal patterns of gift‐giving in four consecutive years. We theorize that a donor's yearly gift amount is an indication of his or her willingness to give (WTG) to the organization and may be explained in terms of his or her intrinsic willingness to give (IWTG) and extrinsic willingness to give (EWTG) for that year. We test our theory with data from a leading US nonprofit organization and find that SG donors and MG donors would follow different longitudinal patterns:

• While SG donors and MG donors would start off at a similar level of WTG in year 1 and would both increase WTG in subsequent years, MG donors would record a higher rate of increase than SG donors.
• IWTG and EWTG would have different relative importance as determinants of the observed yearly giving level: MG donors depend on both IWTG and EWTG whereas SG donors largely depend on IWTG rather than EWTG to determine how much to give in a year.

Our findings suggest that different strategies are needed to manage SG donors and MG donors to sustain and grow annual contributions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An investigation of the giving behavior of loyal,lapsed, and non‐givers to a religious organization

• This paper provides a comparative study of the giving behavior of current donors (CDs), lapsed donors (LDs), and non‐donors (NDs) in a Catholic diocese in New England. Focus groups were conducted and surveys were administered to Catholics to compare the attitudes and behaviors of lapsed and active donors as well as those who had not given to a recent diocesan annual campaign. The results show significant differences between the groups. Active donors indicate a much greater level of satisfaction with the church, are more aware of its programs, and feel they are more recognized for their gifts than do lapsed or NDs. These findings suggest that relationship fundraising, and creating trust, are critical to forging and maintaining valued donor relationships. The program implemented by the diocese as a result of the study is described.
• Marketing for religious organizations
• Lapsed donors
• Nonprofit marketing
• Marketing for churches

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validating innovating practice and perceptions of course management system solutions using structural equation modeling

As adopting information and communications technology to deliver instruction and facilitate learning, course management systems (CMSs) offer an alternative capability to enhance management practices. Based on innovation diffusion theory, this study explores CMS effectiveness (EF) and reliability (RL), and considers both perceived innovative attributes (IA) and demographic characteristics. This study also exams the moderating effect of complexity (CX) and mediating effect of function evaluation (FE) on the causal relationship between IA and outcome variables (i.e., EF, RL). Analysis also includes the differential effects of three types of CMSs and gender differences. Participants were 238 undergraduates, majored in business or management, who volunteered to complete an online survey. Results show that perceived IA affect RL and EF, but not FE. CX moderates the effect of perceived IA on RL, but does not moderate the effects of perceived IA on FE and EF. EF, but not FE, appears to mediate the effects of perceived IA on RL. There is no significant difference in model fit between genders, but there is among the type of CMS solution group. Conclusions and implications are offered regarding the future research for program leaders and practitioners.     

Gendered giving: the influence of social norms on the donation behavior of men and women

• We study if men and women are subject to different influences when determining their level of charitable giving. In particular, we examine differential sensitivities to social norms among donors to a public radio station. Our survey of 975 donors finds that male donors are more likely than female donors to use social norms to inform their own behavior. We conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate the influence of social information on social norm formation and giving. Our results suggest that temporarily created social norms influence giving by men significantly more than by women. This result replicates and establishes the causal relationship between social norms and donations suggested by our field findings. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications of these results.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The antecedents and consequences of charitable donation heterogeneity on social media

This study claims that donating is a rational behavior that balances altruism and self‐interest; therefore, the frequency and magnitude of donating are picked as crucial criteria to classify different crowdfunders because both of them reflect the rationality of donating. This study identifies 6 clusters of crowdfunders and explores the antecedent variables of the typology based on self‐system theory, as well as reveals the social influence of different types of crowdfunders. Data of the crowdfunders (n = 13,868) were collected from “Micro Philanthropy,” a popular SNS crowdfunding platform for charity in China. Social Network Service (SNS) profile information such as network features, social interaction features, and the identity of users was found to be significantly related to the typology. Active donors and bounteous donors are more influential than other donors in absorbing the attention of SNS users and attracting new donors.     

Prosocial customer in the public sector: A PLS-SEM analysis applied to blood donation (active donors)

The act of donating blood creates social and public value (as a transformative service), but donors do not always repeat, so this study analyses the antecedents of attitudinal loyalty in donors. In addition, this research identifies active donor profiles to design personalised strategies to increase customers’ attitudinal loyalty. An online survey was conducted with 30,619 active donors who have donated blood at least once over the past two years. The study applies a quantitative modelling model called Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Analyses confirmed that motivations, obstacles and service quality influence satisfaction and donor attitudinal loyalty. Also, three active donor clusters were identified, as donation centres must adjust to each cluster to create value for society. This research contributes to understanding the factors that increase donor loyalty and closing a gap in the literature on prosocial consumer behaviour, and thereby other public services that depend upon the willingness of the individual. Furthermore, this approach enables the design of a more effective policy agenda and helps to focus public investment on developing strategies to engage willing and experienced donors.     

统筹城乡医疗保障制度的福利分配效应——来自江苏省的实地调查数据

基于江苏省2073个实地调研数据,利用样本选择模型及分位数分解方法,实证研究统筹城乡医疗保障制度的福利分配效应.实证结果表明,统筹城乡医保制度更多地将医保补偿福利分配给高风险人群、高收入阶层和农村居民.针对不同收入阶层的福利差异,分位数分解结果进一步证实:允许参保自选的统筹模式在缩小贫富人群、城乡人群的医保补偿差异上也更具优越性,并且这种优越性多来自于统筹模式本身,而非地区禀赋差异.     

The million dollar donor journey: Stages of development for high‐net‐worth women donors

Most charitable giving research focuses on individual donors at a specific point in time and uses quantitative surveys with limited data about donors' experiences. This study uses reflective interviews to examine the life trajectories of a cohort of women donors who have made gifts of $1 million or more to causes that benefit women and girls. By drawing from developmental psychology, we illustrate the iterative process of learning about giving—shaped by life experiences—that comprise the journey to becoming a million‐dollar donor. We find that, in their journeys toward making their million‐dollar commitment, women donors followed a shared trajectory with distinct stages and prompts for progression. Our findings provide guidance for fundraising professionals to recognize the stages of a potential donor's readiness to give and to facilitate progression in the journey, thus increasing the potential for more large‐scale gift commitments in the future and deepening the donor–fundraiser relationship.     

Vinculación de los empleos de las cadenas mundiales de suministro a la demanda

La expansión de las cadenas mundiales de suministro (CMS) desconecta la ubicación de los empleos de la demanda correspondiente. Los autores utilizan la base de datos mundial de insumo‐producto (WIOD) para examinar estos vínculos en 40 países en el periodo 1995–2013, ampliar anteriores análisis de la OIT y proporcionar evidencia sobre el empleo creado por cada combinación ubicación del empleo‐destino de exportación. Observan un cambio en los patrones de demanda y oferta de empleo en las CMS, un auge de China como generadora de demanda, mayores vínculos de producción entre las economías emergentes y más empleos en los servicios sostenidos por las CMS manufactureras.     

Robust and stable flexible blood supply chain network design under motivational initiatives

To improve the coordination of blood supply and demand, the efficient design of the blood supply chain network (BSCN) is a proper strategy. In this regard, this paper is the first-ever study to strive for a simultaneous investigation on three interdependent challenges of the BSCN: (1) donors motivation, (2) optimizing location and capacity decisions, and (3) controlling the reliability and robustness of the network under combinatorial risk. As in reality, blood donors play a critical role in the BSC; this study undertakes motivational initiatives to encourage blood donors for maintaining sufficient blood supply. Advertisement, education and medical credits are the directions incorporated to construct the motivational function. To observe the efficiency as the most critical factor while evaluating the pool of location alternatives for establishing facilities, an augmented version of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is utilized. In addition, a mixed integer programming model is proposed by which the simultaneous location and capacity decisions are supported. The model is also extended to handle the combinatorial risk of uncertainty as well as disruption. Thus, a novel mixed possibilistic-stochastic flexible robust programming (MPSFRP) is developed. Eventually, the proposed model is implemented in a real case study to assess its practicality and then provide applicable insights for administrators.     

Attracting potential blood donors: The role of personality and social marketing

Globally, society has been facing several and growing health problems, which increased the importance of efforts towards social change. In this context, using social marketing to create and implement programs that foster behavioural change has increased in the public health community. One of the health problems that society has been facing is the unceasing need for blood products, so the subject of blood donation became an important research topic in the area of social marketing, as social marketing strategies can contribute to solving this problem. It is essential to understand the factors that motivate individuals to donate blood, to enhance the recruitment and retention of blood donors. Our study aims at evaluating the key personality factors that influence blood donation behaviour to reach a higher understanding of what concerns this global issue. The method used to analyse the data is ANOVA. We conclude that the Personality of potential donors is significantly different from the non-donors' regarding Openness to Experience and Agreeableness. These results suggest that potential donors might perceive blood donation, as well as the associated barriers, differently from non-donors. Based on our findings, we suggest some perspectives for future research in this area.     

Investigating differences between female and male athletic donors: a comparative study

• The purpose of the study was to identify differences between male and female donors of athletic programmes in order to improve fundraising effectiveness. Simple random techniques were used to gather data for the study.
• The total sample size was 387 from which 115 were female and 272 were male donors of the athletic programmes of a large eastern state university.
• The classification with discriminant analysis results showed that motives (priority seating and professional contacts), annual contribution, personal and household income, attendance of sport events and years of sport experience significantly discriminated between female and male athletic donors.
• The athletic fundraising practical implications are explored.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于DotNetNuke的江苏非物质文化遗产保护网络平台设计与实现

针对非物质文化遗产网络信息内容繁杂、维护困难的现实问题,本文提出基于DotNetNuke(DDN)的内容管理系统(CMS)构建解决方案,并以江苏省非物质文化遗产保护网络平台为例分析了其设计及实现过程。     

Relational exchange in nonprofits: The role of identity saliency and relationship satisfaction

In practice and research pertaining to charitable giving, the emphasis has been on identifying the characteristics and motivations of donors, but few have asked why donors continue to support a particular nonprofit. This study examines the relationship between renewing donors and nonprofits and their impact on charitable giving levels using identity salience and relationship satisfaction as key mediators of nonprofit relational exchange. In a survey of 719 repeat donors in the United States, to a broad range of nonprofit organizations, identity saliency and relationship satisfaction are introduced as mediating constructs, and the results confirm that both constructs partially guide donor motivations and charitable giving. Theoretically, this suggests that the more a donor identifies with a nonprofit organization and the more satisfied the donor is in the relationship with the organization, the higher their intention to donate. This finding supports previous research in segmentation strategies and service‐dominant logic in the nonprofit sector. Managerial implications of this research include indication of a paradigmatic shift from relational exchange to transformational exchange (or value cocreation) in nonprofit organizations' approach to donor cultivation.     

To pay or not to pay — the role of monetary incentives in an optimal blood donation service bundle

• This study derives four attributes that make up the typical blood donation service bundle. It focuses on the role of monetary incentives in such bundles, but also discusses three other attributes, namely the offering organization, the distance to donation location, and the donation time. Each attribute is discussed in the context of a blood donation marketing mix. In an empirical conjoint study, 529 potential blood donors evaluate different designs of blood donation service bundles. Monetary incentives are found to be the most important factor when donors compare different blood donation service bundles. It is found that the distance to the donation location is almost as important as monetary incentives. Blood donation organizations aiming to collect all blood donations from unremunerated blood donors should therefore shape their service bundles to be attractive for potential blood donors. It is concluded that nonpaying blood donation organizations have to offer superior convenience to their donors to be able to compensate for not offering monetary incentives. Operating with mobile donation teams is one of the concrete suggestions for blood donation marketing that are given in this study.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.