Foundations of technometrics

Conventional indicators of technology fail to provide a direct measure of scientific or technological progress. This paper examines three explicit approaches to the measurement of technology: the Hedonic, the Rand, and the composite (wholistic and holistic). Looking at technology from within rather than from without, a theoretical framework for measurement—technometrics—is developed. The state-of-the-art is specified in terms of a surface of constant probability density given the distribution of technological characteristics. The latter, in turn, are specified as vectors in an n-dimensional space.     

Foundations of Bayesian theory

This paper states necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence, uniqueness, and updating according to Bayes’ rule, of subjective probabilities representing individuals’ beliefs. The approach is preference based, and the result is an axiomatic subjective expected utility model of Bayesian decision making under uncertainty with state-dependent preferences. The theory provides foundations for the existence of prior probabilities representing decision makers’ beliefs about the likely realization of events and for the updating of these probabilities according to Bayes’ rule.     

Foundations of Incomplete Contracts

In the last few years, a new area has emerged in economic theory, which goes under the heading of "incomplete contracting". However, almost since its inception, the theory has been under attack for its lack of rigorous foundations. In this paper, we evaluate some of the criticisms that have been made of the theory, in particular, those in Maskin and Tirole (1999 a ). In doing so, we develop a model that provides a rigorous foundation for the idea that contracts are incomplete.     

Foundations of neo-Bayesian statistics

We study an axiomatic model of preferences, which contains as special cases Subjective Expected Utility, Choquet Expected Utility, Maxmin and Maxmax Expected Utility and many other models. First, we give a complete characterization of the class of functionals representing these preferences. Then, we show that any such functional can be represented as a Choquet integral

where is the canonical mapping from the space of bounded Σ-measurable functions into the space of weak^*-continuous affine functions on a weak*-compact, convex set of probability measures on Σ. Conversely, any preference relation defined by means of such functionals satisfies the axioms of the model we study. Different properties of the capacity give rise to different models. Our result shows that the idea of Choquet integration is general enough to embrace all the models mentioned above. In doing so, it widens the range of applicability of well-known procedures in robust statistics theory such as the Neyman–Pearson lemma for capacities [P.J. Huber, V. Strassen, Minimax tests and the Neyman–Pearson lemma for capacities, Ann. Statist. 1 (1973) 251–263], Bayes' theorem for capacities [J.B. Kadane, L. Wasserman, Bayes' theorem for Choquet capacities, Ann. Statist. 18 (1990) 1328–1339] or of results like the Law of Large numbers for capacities [F. Maccheroni, M. Marinacci, A strong law of large numbers for capacities, Ann. Probab. 33 (2005) 1171–1178].     

Foundations of an Institutional Theory of Regulation

Although the work of Clarence Ayres is held in high regard within the tradition of American Institutionalism, it has made little impact upon the study of technology more generally. Moreover, even within the Institutionalist tradition, his work is seen to embody a tension - on the one hand his dichotomy between technology and institutions is too strict, but to the extent that it is "softened," his main contributions are undermined. This paper argues that Ayres' work does have something to contribute to current technology debates, but that this contribution cannot be made if his conception is "softened" in the way that recent contributions suggest.     

Endogenous Growth: Fragile Foundations?

The Frankel, Romer and Lucas theories of endogenous growth rest on the assumptions of knowledge‐based externalities and price‐taking representative agents. It is argued that, in a context of long‐run growth, these assumptions are mutually incompatible, that representative agents will cooperate to internalize the externalities and will cease to be price takers, and that, therefore, the relevance of theories based on those assumptions must be questioned.     

论部门预算的理论基础

部门预算是由政府各部门编制，经财政部门审核汇总后报立法机关审议通过，反映各部门所有收入和支出的公共收支计划和法律件。部门预算作为公共财政框架的一个重要组成部分，建立在两个理论基础之上：一是财政的公共性理论；二是政府部门间财政关系理论。可以说，这是部门预算改革的目标、方向和任务得以确定的依据。     

关于“智能型城市”文化基础的随想

城市是一种人类社会组织。城市智能化的过程,主要是发展人类智能的过程,其最重要者无疑是要发展教育,提高市民的科学知识水平。但是,在广义文化概念中,不仅包括科学知识,而且包括作为历史沉积物和历史联系纽带的存在于人们日常生活之中的文化。这种文化是在过去形成、现在仍存在并发生作用的一些传统。从地域上说,大连人基本继承了齐鲁文化。     

Foundations of The Economics of Time and Ignorance

The Economics of Time and Ignorance grew out of the need to reinvigorate the Austrian School in light of the challenges of contemporary economics. It did this by re-examining the foundations of the Austrian tradition and by making explicit many of its hidden assumptions and implications. The book also attempted to make Austrian economics more of an open system than it had been in the conservationist decades of the 1950s, 60s, and 70s. The degree to which it has been successful is examined in this essay.     

Effective Demand: Securing the Foundations

Abstract

This paper is one of three contributions to a symposium commenting on papers previously published by the other authors. Allain (Allain, O. (2009) Effective demand and short-term adjustments in the General Theory, Review of Political Economy, 21, pp. 1–22) argues that Keynes elides a distinction between aggregate demand and global expenditure that is necessary to explain the formation of price expectations by individual entrepreneurs. Allain's conclusions depend upon redefinitions of aggregate and effective demand and the consumption function. Hartwig (Hartwig, J. (2007) Keynes vs. the Post Keynesians on the principle of effective demand, European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 14, pp. 725–739) argues that entrepreneurs must take into account the state of the economy as a whole, in order to form price expectations independently and not as a market equilibrium determined by aggregate supply and demand. This leaves demand price expectations to be determined outside the principle of effective demand. Neither author does full justice to Keynes's own treatment. We still need to agree by what mechanism individual entrepreneurs form a collective and mutually consistent state of expectation in The General Theory.     

组织能力:形成企业竞争优势的基础

企业是资源的集合体，具有竞争优势是企业持续发展的根本。拥有资源不等于具有竞争优势，从资源到形成竞争优势需要具备相应的作用机制。组织能力是形成企业竞争优势的作用基础，是实现企业资源优化配置的基本方式。     

Metaphysical Beliefs and the Foundations of Modern Economics

[England's] thinkers are again beginning to see, what they had only temporarily forgotten, that a true Psychology is the indispensable scientific basis of Morals, of Politics, of the science and art of Education; that the difficulties of Metaphysics lie at the root of all science; that those difficulties can only be quieted by being resolved, and that until they are resolved, positively whenever possible, but at any rate negatively, we are never assured that any human knowledge, even physical, stands on solid foundation.

John Stuart Mill

No science can be more secure than the unconscious metaphysics which tacitly it presupposes.

Alfred North Whitehead     

公募基金会募捐中的信誉研究

目前我国非营利组织正普遍面临着严重的资金短缺问题。公募基金会作为一种非营利组织,资金来源于社会大众的捐赠。募集到足额资金是公募基金会得以正常运行和顺利发展的前提条件。信誉作为公募基金会的一种重要无形资源,在其筹资过程中起着举足轻重的作用。因此,需采取多种措施提高组织信誉以促进其募集资金。