中国各区域对外贸易的决定因素分析--中国八大区域与东亚三经济体间的贸易

本文将中国划分为8大区域,通过分析这8大区域与韩国、台湾地区、日本之间的贸易趋势,寻找影响中国各区域国际贸易的主要因素。韩国、台湾地区、日本这三个东亚经济体作为中国的主要贸易伙伴,在中国的市场占有率达到40%,在同中国的贸易中存在着区域和商品种类上的差别。即韩国在东北地区、台湾在南部沿海地区、日本则在中国大部分地区显示出较高的市场占有率,并且它们在中国各沿海地区的产品出口种类趋于相同,说明东亚三个经济体在中国各地区的竞争越来越激烈。通过对东亚三个经济体同中国各区域产业内贸易趋势的分析,发现,收入水平高、产业结构相对高级的东部沿海区域表现出相互独立的贸易结构。这种现象可以进一步解释为各区域之间还存在着较独立的产业结构。产业内贸易大部分由垂直产业内贸易构成,即同东亚三个经济体形成了商品质量和价格差别的同一品种之间的贸易。最后,通过对产业内贸易决定因素的计量分析,可以看出中国各区域的人均收入水平、外国直接投资额、工业产品出口比重等是决定垂直产业内贸易的主要因素。     

Trade and regional growth in Spain: panel cointegration in a small sample

In this article, we test for the existence of a relationship between per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and trade, for 15 Spanish Autonomous Communities between 1988 and 2004, using a panel cointegration methodology. In particular, we implement several panel unit root tests (Maddala and Wu, 1999; Levin et al., 2002; Im et al., 2003) and panel cointegration tests (Pedroni, 1999, 2004), with a special attention to their behaviour in a small sample. We also develop a Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation (SURE) residual based test, in order to explicitly take into account the cross regional correlation pattern. Appropriate confidence intervals are estimated with a sieve bootstrap designed for our small time sample, preserving the dependence structure among cross sectional units. Our cointegration tests reject the existence of a significant relationship between GDP per capita and exports. However, we do find some evidence of a significant relationship between GDP per capita and imports or with total trade.     

Inequality and the Relative Reliance on Tariffs

In this paper we uncover the existence of a U-shaped relationship between inequality and the relative reliance on tariff revenue, by estimating a cross-sectional regression relating the ratio of the tariff rate over the tax rate to inequality and a set of control variables such as GDP per capita, openness, the degree of democracy, and area dummies. We explain this U-shaped relationship by means of a Ricardian model of trade in vertically differentiated products between a developing country and the (developed) rest of the world. The model generates the U-shaped relationship because the preferences of the political majority (as captured by the median voter model) are shaped not only by the influence of inequality on the desire for redistribution, but also by the influence of inequality on the relative size of the tax base on which income taxes and tariffs are applied.     

How Robust is the Growth-Openness Connection? Historical Evidence

Previous literature has established a positive correlation between openness to international trade and GDP per capita growth for developed and developing economies in recent decades. However, looking at historical evidence from 1870 to the present, this paper finds no support for a positive growth-openness connection before 1970. In fact, the correlation is negative for the period 1920–1940. Cross-country growth regressions estimated for the period 1920–1990 suggest that the positive correlation between openness and growth is only a recent phenomenon. The paper provides useful conclusions regarding the robustness not only of the openness variables but also of other growth determinants.     

Inequality and economic growth: the role of initial income

We estimate a panel model where the relationship between inequality and GDP per capita growth depends on countries’ initial incomes. Estimates of the model show that the relationship between inequality and GDP per capita growth is significantly decreasing in countries’ initial incomes. Results from instrumental variables regressions show that in Low Income Countries transitional growth is boosted by greater income inequality. In High Income Countries inequality has a significant negative effect on transitional growth. For the median country in the world, that in the year 2015 had a PPP GDP per capita of around 10000USD, IV estimates predict that a 1 percentage point increase in the Gini coefficient decreases GDP per capita growth over a 5-year period by over 1 percentage point; the long-run effect on the level of GDP per capita is around ??5%.     

产业内贸易类型、利益与经济增长

在分析产业内贸易测度、分类及其利益的基础上,探讨产业内贸易促进经济增长的机制,并从产业内贸易总水平、垂直差异型产业内贸易、水平差异型产业内贸易等角度实证分析其对中国经济增长的影响。研究发现:垂直差异性产业内贸易在经济增长过程中起着促进作用,而水平差异性产业内贸易对经济增长起着阻碍作用。     

中美农产品加工业产业内贸易影响因素研究

分析了中美农产品加工业贸易状况,并对两国农产品加工业产业内贸易的影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明,近年来中美农产品加工业贸易快速发展;而中美贸易不平衡对两国农产品加工业产业内贸易起到了显著的抑制作用,同时中美两国人均GDP差异、行业开放程度则较强地促进了两国农产品加工业产业内贸易的发展。基于此,中国应侧重提升中美农产品加工业产业内贸易水平,实施产业间贸易和产业内贸易双轮驱动战略。     

Investment under Trade Policy Uncertainty: an Empirical Investigation*

The link between trade policy uncertainty and the share of investment in GDP per capita is investigated using panel data drawn from over a hundred countries for the period 1960–2000. Five indicators of trade policy are used. Two specifications of volatility for each of the trade policy indicators are constructed as measures of trade policy uncertainty. Panel regression results suggest a robust correlation between the volatility of trade policy indicators and the investment share. A significant negative impact of trade policy volatility on the investment share is found in most trade policy indicators with an exception—the volatility of the trade share indicator more closely associated with volatility in quantity than in prices has a significant positive impact on the investment share.     

基于引力模型的内地与香港双边贸易流量研究

内地各省市(自治区)的GDP和人均GDP、香港人均GDP、绝对距离以及泛珠三角区域合作组织等解释变量.是影响双边贸易流量的主要因素,但影响程度各有不同.因此,内地与香港应采取针对性的措施,进一步加强经贸交流和合作,充分发挥各自的区位优势和竞争优势,实现两地经济的共同繁荣.     

Comparative Advantage and the Pattern of Trade Within Industries

This paper investigates empirically one aspect of the vertically differentiated models of intraindustry trade. These models predict that the pattern of trade within an industry is based on comparative advantage rather than being completely random. An empirical model is specified in which the relative quality of two countries' bilateral exports within an industry depends on the relative differences in unit labor requirements. Using a variety of econometric methods, the results suggest that the quality of US manufacturing exports to the UK, Japan, and Germany relative to its imports from these countries is positively and significantly related to the relative differences in value added per worker.     

城市低碳发展水平的区域分异及其影响因素——基于中国GDP前110强地级以上城市的实证研究

利用《中国城市智慧低碳发展报告》中我国GDP前110强地级以上城市的低碳发展数据,运用加权变异系数法和Theil指数分解法分析了大样本城市低碳发展水平的空间分异,并运用多元线性逐步回归模型定量分析了各层次低碳发展综合水平的影响因素及其差异。结果表明:样本城市的整体低碳发展水平不高,高值城市以东部地区的轻工业城市或综合型城市为主,低值城市则以中、西部的资源型城市或重化工业城市为主;城市整体的低碳发展水平的空间差异较大,低值城市的空间差异最大、高值城市的空间差异最小、中值城市的空间差异居中;城市低碳发展的区域分异主要由层次间的差异引起;碳排放系数、能源效率、人均GDP是影响城市低碳发展的主要因素;城市整体和中、低值城市影响因素的显著性的排序结果为碳排放系数>能源效率>人均GDP,而高值城市的排序结果是能源效率>碳排放系数>人均GDP。提出:可参考"共同但有区别的责任"原则分解各城市的碳减排量,对各层次城市宜采取差别化的低碳发展政策。     

影响中国服务贸易出口的可量化因素分析

根据1990-2004年中国服务贸易出口及其可量化因素的时间序列数据建立的多元线性回归模型,印证了人均国内生产总值、世界GDP增长率、服务业占GDP的比重、货物贸易出口额等因素对中国服务贸易出口的影响。因此,应优化服务贸易出口结构。扩大市场开发度和加大政府支持力度,以增加中国服务贸易的出口。     

Book Review

This paper analyses determinants of intra-industry trade in food processing for a 30-country sample over the period 1964–85. Previous studies have tested the hypothesis that imperfect competition is a major determinant of intra-industry trade (IIT) in the durable goods manufacturing sectors. This study is distinguised from the earlier studies of IIT by; the examination of the processed food sector (SIC=20), the use of a panel data set for 22 years and 30 countries available at the four-digit SIC level, the use of purchasing power parity measures of GDP, and the use of a weighted tobit model with fixed effects to account for the censored cross-section time-series nature of the date. The results indicate that ITI in food processing is a positive function of a country's GDP per capita and equality if GDP per capita between countries. In addition, it is also found that such trade is strongly influenced by distance between trading partners, membership in customs unions and free trade blocs, and also exchange rate volatility.     

Revisiting the sectoral Linder hypothesis: Aggregation bias or fixed costs?

This paper reassesses and revisits the Sectoral Linder Hypothesis due to Hallak, which posits that similar tastes for quality lead to more intensive trade between similar countries at the sectoral level. First, the measure of demand similarity used in this paper is based on the distribution of income estimated from household surveys. The paper finds that a similarity measure based on the income distribution produces stronger results than the traditionally used measure based on GDP per capita. Moreover, the country/product level extensive margin is taken into account. This is important because similarity is likely to affect the fixed costs of trade and the fixed costs of alternative means of servicing a market (i.e., licensing and FDI). Fixed costs, in turn, affect the number and average productivity of firms that engage in bilateral trade and hence the overall volume of trade. This paper employs the method by Helpman et al. to control for the extensive margin. Heteroskedasticity is addressed using a feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) approach. The findings show that once controlling for the effect of similarity on the extensive margin, the Linder hypothesis holds at more aggregate levels. Other robustness checks suggest that results are not confined to products that are vertically differentiated.     

中国贸易发展与经济增长影响机制的经验研究

本文对贸易和人均产出之间的影响机制进行了分析。中国改革开放以来的经验数据证实 ,国际贸易通过提升国家要素禀赋结构和加快制度变革进程对人均产出产生了正面影响 ;但国内贸易则相反 ,国内市场分割的加剧 ,阻碍了国内市场的一体化进程 ,进而对经济产生负面影响。另外 ,本文还发现 ,尽管人力资本对人均产出有着重要而显著的影响 ,但贸易的变化却较少通过这条途径对人均产出产生影响。     

International Trade and Growth Miracles: the Implications of Nonhomothetic Preferences

If the rate of saving increases with income then a low per capita level of the capital stock may be self‐sustaining. In these circumstances international trade may allow an economy to quickly increase its per capita capital stock in a self‐reinforcing “growth miracle” process. A labor‐abundant economy trading with a capital‐abundant economy will see its wage rate rise relative to autarky. This rise in the wage rate also increases the savings rate and so raises the following period’s per capita capital stock. In this way a low‐income economy may exhibit large and permanent increases in its level of GDP per capita after opening its markets to international trade.     

Terms of trade volatility,government spending cyclicality,and economic growth

This paper presents estimates of the effects that terms of trade volatility has on real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth. Based on 5‐year nonoverlapping panel data comprising 175 countries during 1980 to 2010, the paper finds that terms of trade volatility has significant negative effects on economic growth in countries with procyclical government spending. In countries where government spending is countercyclical, terms of trade volatility has no significant effect on growth. Conditional on the mediating role of government spending cyclicality, the GDP share of domestic credit to the private sector has no significant effect on the relationship between growth and terms of trade volatility.     

1990—2010年中国人口预期寿命与人均GDP的相关关系及其变化特征

预期寿命是反映人口寿命水平的重要指标,人均GDP是反映经济发展的重要指标。采用相关分析和回归分析对中国1990—2010年市域、县域两个尺度的预期寿命与人均GDP的关系进行分析,结果表明:人均GDP对预期寿命具有显著正向影响,但累积影响强于即时影响;人均GDP超过3000~5000元后,其对预期寿命的影响开始出现边际递减效应;人均GDP对预期寿命的影响强度在空间分布上自东向西增强。由于经济相对发达的东部地区人均GDP对预期寿命的贡献率要小于经济相对落后的西部地区,因此,今后东部地区应通过完善社会保障、优化卫生资源配置、倡导健康生活方式等途径进一步提高预期寿命,西部地区则应大力发展区域经济,努力提高生活水平,以尽快缩小与东部地区预期寿命的差距。     

Terms of trade and economic growth in Japan and Korea: an empirical analysis

This study examines the impact of terms of trade and terms of trade volatility on economic growth in Japan and Korea using time series data. The results of the Johansen (1988) cointegration method show that real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and terms of trade are jointly determined. Generally, an increase in terms of trade volatility will lead to a decrease in real GDP per capita. An increase in oil price will lead to a decrease in terms of trade. The results of the generalised forecast error variance decompositions show that the important contributors to real GDP per capita are different between Japan and Korea. A favourable and a less volatile terms of trade are important for economic growth.     

Trade,aid and migrations: some basic policy issues

The link between trade policy and international migration is explored using data from the United States and Europe. "We conclude that restrictive trade policies in industrialised countries have most likely added to migration pressures. We then turn to the broader question of the effects of income growth in the sending countries on the propensity to migrate. We argue that, in relatively poor countries, an increase in income will be associated with higher migration flows. For middle income countries, however, income growth will lead to lower migrations. In the medium run, therefore, the relationship between development levels, as measured by GDP per capita, and the propensity to migrate follows an inverse-U pattern. Econometric analysis of aggregate migration flows from Southern Europe provides considerable support for such conjecture."