外资银行更有效率吗?——对中东欧国家银行业的实证研究

外资在中东欧国家银行体系中占有越来越大的比重。为了分析这些国家外资银行与内资银行的效率差异,本文构建了一个多产出成本结构模型,利用随机边界方法计算了这些国家101 家银行的成本效率值。通过比较内外资银行的成本效率值,我们发现内资银行比外资银行更有效率, 同时我们还发现这些国家银行的规模和产出结构与效率间没有必然的联系。     

中东欧经济转轨国家的外资银行发展状况

东欧剧变以来,中东欧各国纷纷从计划经济向市场经济转轨。随着私有化和市场化的改革,这些国家的银行体系发生了重大变革,主要体现在国有银行私有化和向外资开放银行业两方面。本文就中东欧国家在转型过程中银行业的变革进行一系列研究。分析外资银行在这些国家金融业中扮演的重要角色及外资银行进入与发展经营的状况,指出外资银行与国有银行的经营业绩已逐步趋同的趋势,并由此对中国的银行业改革提出一些建议。     

外资银行市场进入：转轨经济国家视角

外资银行进入转轨经济国家是近年来西方学术界研究的热点问题。文章梳理了外资银行市场进入的涵义、进入模式、市场进入的决定因素、外资银行进入转轨国家的决定因素、外资银行进入转轨国家采用的模式的决定因素以及外资银行进入转轨国家对东道国银行业效率的影响等文献,试图通过对外资银行进入这些转轨经济国家的理论上的综述,为我们提出有针对性的应对之策提供借鉴和参考,并对未来研究的方向提出相关建议。     

中东欧国家金融银行业开放过程中的潜在风险分析

20世纪90年代以来,中东欧国家先后实施了金融银行业对外开放政策。金融开放为中东欧国家金融银行业注入了活力,但同时也蕴含着很多问题和潜在风险,在全球金融危机的冲击下,这些问题和潜在风险已影响到这些国家的金融市场和银行体系的稳定。本文着重从过高的外币融资、过快增长的家庭信贷、过度依赖的间接融资,以及外资银行大量进入挤占内资银行市场份额等4个方面分析这些国家金融银行业潜在风险的形成过程。     

信息、进入模式与金融市场开放的竞争效应

本文通过不完全竞争短期均衡模型,分析了信息不对称条件下外资银行以并购和独资两种模式进入且内资银行采取不同信息披露策略时的竞争效应。本文认为以外资银行进入为标志的金融市场开放可以增强市场的竞争强度,迫使内资银行降低成本、提高技术,从而拓宽借款人的融资渠道并且降低借款人的融资成本,最终通过竞争提高金融市场的资产配置效率。     

加大银行监管 完善立法体系

银行在国民经济中具有举足轻重的地位。加入世贸组织我国银行业要抓住机遇和迎接挑战，必须对外资银行的设立条件进行严格的限制；对外资银行开放的业务采取循序渐进的方法；对内资银行要加强自身的竞争力度，完善内部管理机制；禁止外资银行的不正当竞争。     

外资银行进入与东道国银行体系的效率改进--新兴市场国家的截面数据分析

20世纪90年代以来,外资银行在新兴市场国家银行体系中的重要性不断提高。外资银行的进入能否改善东道国银行体系的效率是学界非常关注的问题。鉴于此,本文专门针对新兴市场国家的经验情况展开分析,认为外资银行对东道国银行体系效率的改善有赖于有效竞争的环境,并受到一定的约束条件和传导路径的限制。东道国金融发展的深度、金融监管的水平、外资银行的数量及经营管理水平等都会对其银行体系效率的改进产生重要影响。通过截面数据分析,本文提出了新兴市场国家在外资银行大举进入的情况下,如何改进本国银行体系效率的相关政策主张。     

外资银行进入对本国银行体系稳定性的影响

本文主要从竞争视角出发 ,研究外资银行进入、市场结构与银行体系稳定性之间存在的关系。通过运用 Logist经济计量模型对 5 0个国家 (其中包括 30个新兴市场国家和发展中国家 ) 1 988- 1 997年的数据进行分析 ,得到外资银行进入数量的增加将显著减少银行危机发生可能性的结论 ;同时发现 ,在外资银行进入条件下 ,市场结构并不是影响体系稳定的关键因素。上述结论支持了外资银行通过潜在进入的竞争压力提高东道国银行市场的可竞争程度、而不是改变市场结构来增强银行体系稳定性的观点。对新兴市场国家和发展中国家的进一步研究还发现 ,目前外资银行竞争对体系稳定的正面效应尚未得到充分发挥。     

国家金融安全与国民待遇之争

《外资银行管理条例》正式实行至今，已有十几家外资银行申请建立法人银行，占全部在华外资银行资产总量的60％。履行加入WTO时的承诺，我国金融服务业进入全面对外开放阶段，尤其国内银行、证券、基金服务业将在更大范围、更高层次上参与经济金融全球化。这时，维护国家金融安全与实现外资银行国民待遇的矛盾凸显出来。[编者按]     

数据仓库为银行经营管理保驾护航

随着中国加入WTO,金融自由化、信息化、国际化的速度也正在逐渐加快,按照WTO签署的协议,中国金融市场的开放过程会经由开放国内银行批发市场,开放国内银行零售市场,到全方位地开放国内银行市场。中国银行业作为国民经济发展的核心,正面临着加入WTO新纪元带来的种种机遇与挑战。一方面,在中国的银行业竞争舞台上,内资银行的竞争对手将突破现在的国界限制,涌人大量国际运营经验丰富的外资银行金融机构。     

Financial Liberalization and Foreign Bank Entry on the Domestic Banking Performance in MENA Countries

Abstract: This study examines the impact of financial liberalization and foreign bank entry on the domestic banking sector from 1996 to 2007, and builds upon and expands the work of Lee (2002). We find that foreign bank entry, financial liberalization, ownership structure and degree of openness of foreign bank entry positively impact domestic banking system operating efficiency, capitalization, risk management, long‐term soundness, financial performance as well as economic and financial development. However, foreign bank entry is associated with reduced profit margins and increased operating costs of domestic banks in countries with less developed capital markets. Empirical evidence seems to support the argument that foreign bank presence leads to better allocation of capital and eliminates connected lending practices.     

Comparison of Bank Profitability in China and the USA

This paper examines and compares the profitability of banks in the USA and China. The USA has the largest market‐based banking system and the financial system of China is still bank‐based. Our analysis indicates that in terms of profitability, banks in China outperformed those in the USA during our study period (2008–2014). Real estate loans had an adverse effect on US bank profitability during the financial crisis and no effect after the crisis but consistently improved the profitability of Chinese banks. Interest margins have no effect on US bank profitability but a consistently positive effect on Chinese banks, confirming that China is a traditional bank‐based economy. Interbank loans have a positive and significant effect on Chinese bank profitability, while interbank domestic loans have a negative effect on US bank profitability. Finally, size had a positive effect on US banks after the financial crisis period, confirming the scale economies of large US banks, but a negative effect on Chinese banks, indicating diseconomies of scale.     

央行运用冲销工具的成本和影响研究

央行票据冲销外汇占款的微观成本在2004—2010年为盈利,从国内角度来说,央行使用央行票据冲销流动性的微观成本高于存款准备金率的微观成本。央行票据和存款准备金率对宏观经济的影响利弊共存,但就冲销流动性的效果而言,央行票据使用更为灵活,存款准备金率的冲销力度更大。     

金融控股模式下银行保险博弈各方共赢机制构建研究

国内银行保险已经成为国内寿险的第一大来源渠道,但是,在银行保险的发展过程中,始终存在手续费的恶性竞争,导致银行保险合作各方并没有形成一种共赢的局面。未来,银行母公司金融控股集团模式将成为国内金融集团的主要形式。本文研究了银行母公司金融控股集团模式下银行保险博弈各方合作共赢的表现形式、环境要求和共赢构建的内容。     

Bank Efficiency and Macro-economic Factors: The Case of Developing Countries

Abstract

This paper examines the effects of macro-economic factors on bank efficiency of commercial banks in Asia, Middle East/North Africa, and Africa. To achieve the objective, the stochastic frontier approach (SFA) was used to simultaneously estimate the parameters of the stochastic frontier and the inefficiency model. The results show that the effect of macro-economic factors on bank efficiency differs across region. Cost inefficiency of the commercial banks in the Asian region is negatively related to the real gross domestic product per capita, credit to the private sector, and market concentration but is positively related to trade openness. Banks cost inefficiency in the Middle East/North Africa is negatively related to trade openness but is positively related to market concentration suggesting that banking market in this region should be more open to competition.     

基于人工神经网络的商业银行信用风险模型

入世后,国外金融机构将给国内银行造成巨大的竞争压力。为了适应竞争的需要,增加抵御风险的能力,有必要对商业银行风险进行研究,以防范金融风险,维护金融及整个经济稳定。本文根据我国的具体现实,运用人工神经网络技术,构造出适合中国的信用风险模型,并对大连市某国有银行提供的数据进行了实证研究。     

International Fiscal-Financial Spillovers:the Effect of Fiscal Shocks on Cross-Border Bank Lending

Open Economies Review - This paper sheds new light on the degree of international fiscal-financial spillovers by investigating the effect of domestic fiscal policies on cross-border bank lending....     

Bank Deregulation and Performance in Nigeria

Abstract: We investigate the interrelationships among bank competition, risk taking and efficiency during banking sector reforms in Nigeria (1993–2008). Our modelling procedure involves three stages: we measure bank productive efficiency, using data envelopment analysis, and the evolution of bank competition, using conjectural variations (CV) methods; then, we use the CV estimates to test whether regulatory reforms influence bank competition; finally we investigate the impact of the reforms on bank behaviour. The evidence suggests that deregulation and prudential re‐regulation influence bank risk taking and bank productive efficiency directly (direct impact) and via competition (indirect impact). Further, it is found that as competition increases, excessive risk taking decreases and efficiency increases. Overall, the evidence on Nigeria affirms policies that foster bank competition.     

Bank dependency on foreign funding and global liquidity shocks: The importance of US monetary policy for a developing country

We examine international spillover effects of US monetary policy on bank lending in Cambodia, using unique data about loan disbursements and the funding structures of Cambodian banks from 2013Q1 to 2019Q2. The banking sector in a developing country is likely dependent on foreign funding, while the dependency could be the source of vulnerability to international monetary and economic conditions. We empirically document that US monetary policy is likely to be transmitted to Cambodian bank lending through foreign funding. We also document that Cambodian banks change their risk-taking behavior in response to the spillover effects of US monetary policy. Furthermore, these results are robust for US monetary policy, but weak and not robust for the monetary policies of the Cambodian bank’s major shareholders’ home countries, suggesting that US monetary policy should be primarily taken into account in supervising banks that are reliant on foreign funding, in addition to domestic economic conditions.     

How does Bank Capital Affect Bank Profitability and Risk? Evidence from China's WTO Accession

This paper examines how bank capital affects bank profitability and risk in China, and how its impact differed before and after the nation entered the WTO. Our study uses the dynamic generalized method of moments approach with a panel database containing 171 Chinese commercial banks. We find that bank capital has significant influence on bank profitability and risk, but its impact has declined since China joined the WTO in 2001. For different sized groups, the impact of capital on profitability exhibits a distinct trend. The effects of capital on bank risk are different for large and small banks depending on the risk variables used for the Chinese banking industry.