Advertising competition and industry channel structure

The introduction of independent retailers has long been recognized as a buffer that alleviates the price competition between channels. In this paper, we argue that this effect may be counter-balanced if the manufacturers compete along dimensions that differ from prices (such as advertising). We find that delegating to retailers may intensify other non-price competition between the manufacturers and therefore make the manufacturers worse off. Our analysis shows that the “retailer buffer” may be a two-edged sword and thus suggests that channel structure may critically depend on the specific dimensions along which the manufacturers compete with each other.     

After the presidential elections: Will the US “open door” trade strategy continue?

During the 1996 US presidential campaign protectionist proposals as well as calls for abandoning all international organizations were formulated, causing alarm in the rest of the world. Does the new US Administration's trade policy concept in fact pose major challenges to the international trade system?     

Advertising Facts and Advertising Illusions

The concept of low involvement has attracted considerable interest, particularly over the last ten years, but its implications f or advertising (strategy, execution and research) are still not clear. This paper reviews the low-involvement literature and attempts to define what is meant by the concept, predict when low involvement is likely to occur and identify its key determinants. The paper then reviews and assesses what the literature has to say about the specific implications for advertising strategy in high- and low-involvement situations and concludes that the potential and power of advertising in low-involvement situations have been misunderstood and underestimated.     

European Parliament elections in times of crisis

In May 2014, EU citizens will vote in the most important European Parliament elections to date. With the new powers allocated to it by the Lisbon Treaty, the new European Parliament will shape EU policies in many important areas and will elect the President of the Commission. However, public confi dence in the EU has fallen to historically low levels — to a great extent due to the fi nancial crisis and its aftermath — and the participation rate in European Parliament elections has dropped steadily since the fi rst call for a direct vote in 1979. This raises fundamental questions about its political and democratic legitimacy. This Forum examines the economic agendas of the main political parties vying for power and the potential outcome of the May elections, including the role that radical and anti-euro parties are likely to play in the campaign and in the next Parliament.     

Professionalism in Advertising

Abstract

Advertising is made up of several diverse skills and disciplines: writer, artist, dramatist, salesman, marketer. psychologist, statistician, media analyst, financial manager, entrepreneur, etc. Clearly, professionalism in advertising must be defined in terms applicable to each of these skills. But the advertising professional must be more than just competent in his craft. He must recognize that his role relates to the others involved — and to the whole. He should be dedicated to the proper and effective use of advertising. He must feel responsible for the consequences of his actions — on profits, sales, public attitudes, and within legal obligations.     

Advertising Agency-client Attitudes Towards Ethical Issues in Political Advertising

Political advertising has long been a target for criticism regarding unethical behaviour. This study looks at the attitudes of Australian advertising agency executives and politicians towards ethical issues relating to political advertising. A sample of 101 advertising agency executives and 46 federal politicians were compared and some attitudinal differences were found, which could be areas of tension in the agency-client relationship.     

Advertising Repetition: A Meta-Analysis on Effective Frequency in Advertising

This study uses meta-analytic techniques to examine the number of exposures that maximize consumer response to an ad. The results show that in an experimental setting maximum attitude is reached at approximately ten exposures, while recall increases linearly and does not level off before the eighth exposure. The findings are of interest for two opposing schools of thought in the advertising literature on effective frequency. They support the repetitionists’ beliefs over the minimalists’ beliefs on the number of ad exposures needed for maximum consumer response. The study further investigates whether the repetition effects depend on contingent factors. Low involvement and spaced exposures enhance repetition effects on attitude toward the brand. Embedded advertising and massed exposures enhance the repetition effects on recall. Repetition effects decay over time for both attitude toward the brand and recall. The study provides important implications for researchers by contributing to the discussion on effective frequency and providing support for the repetitionists’ view. This view has implications for practitioners who try to optimize advertising frequency.     

Advertising Strategies and Information Content in American and Swedish Advertising

Technological developments make it easier and easier for marketers to standardize their marketing programmes worldwide. There are, however, also strong forces against such a development in advertising, and a standardized advertising approach across countries could hardly be recommended at this point. This article explores the differences between American and Swedish advertising in terms of advertising strategies used, as well as of how informative they are. The result shows that there are fairly large differences between American and Swedish advertising.     

Message Reframing in Advertising

Various communication techniques such as humor or two‐sided argumentation are frequently used in advertising. One technique that is common but has not been conceptualized is the deliberate change of perspective of specific product or brand attributes. Based on the reframing method used in neuro‐linguistic programming (NLP) this technique is conceptualized as message reframing, defined as a communication technique that changes the conceptual and/or emotional setting or viewpoint in relation to how a brand is experienced by placing it in a different frame that fits the same brand equally well or better. The effects of message reframing in contrast to conventional advertisements as well as in contrast to humor and two‐sided argumentation are hypothesized and tested in an experimental study. The results reveal that message reframing outplays traditional advertising techniques regarding attention toward the ad, perceived novelty, attitude toward the ad, and attitude toward the brand. Moreover, message reframing does not show the deterioration of source credibility commonly observed in humorous messages, and leads to higher attention, perceived novelty, and attitude toward the ad than two‐sided messages.     

Dilemmas in Advertising Research

Abstract

Much advertising research is likely to seem trivial to advertising practitioners and academicians. This is because of two central dilemmas in advertising research. First is the dilemma of purpose: advertising research is too often undertaken for its own sake and thus seems to have a trivial purpose. Second is the dilemma of method: advertising research is often perceived as trivial because it is based on faulty or ill-conceived research procedures. There is much opportunity, particularly for academicians, to pursue non-trivial advertising research. This opportunity originates in the practice of advertising but is not trivial because of it. Specific examples of non-trivial research opportunities in copy research and media research are described and discussed.     

您的广告具有何种情感冲击力?

情感=精神的波动或感觉（牛津大辞典）情感是十分重要的,因为就像第一印象一样,它影响和决定着人们接下来会有什么样的反应和行动,或者决定着人们会不会有任何反应。由于对广告的第一印象通常会更感性,而不是理性,我们需要在理性之外探索,以便更好了解消费者对产品或广告信息的情感和印象。     

Meta-Analysis in Advertising Research

Meta-analyses have become increasingly popular in many fields of the social sciences, including advertising research. The results of meta-analyses attract substantial interest from both scholars and practitioners, as indicated by high citation numbers and widespread dissemination in the media. By summarizing results drawn from a set of studies concerning a specific topic, and by discovering and explaining consistencies and inconsistencies within those results, meta-analysis is an essential step in the process of knowledge accumulation, theory building, and theory testing in science. Many developments in the last years have contributed to the advancement of the method, but they have appeared in disparate literatures. Furthermore, each discipline applies the method in a particular way that corresponds to the major research traditions in a field. However, no attempt to introduce the method to advertising researchers is available. The purpose of this article is therefore to provide a comprehensive overview of the meta-analysis method to advertising researchers that describes the procedures commonly applied in advertising research, that provides a better understanding of the method and evaluation criteria for judging the quality of meta-analyses, and that serves as a starting point for advertising researchers who are interested in conducting a meta-analysis.     

Uncertainty in Prerelease Advertising

Firms frequently advertise products and services before they are launched. Yet how to best design such advertisements is not well understood. The current article investigates how consumers respond to uncertainty in prerelease advertisements. Across five studies, including both field and lab studies, we first provide evidence for the positive effect of uncertain prerelease advertisements using real consumer behavior on Facebook and YouTube and at the box office. Next, we uncover the mechanism underlying this effect (i.e., inflated outcome expectancies), outline a managerially relevant boundary condition (i.e., the positive effect reverses when a preorder opportunity is offered), and demonstrate that the effect of uncertainty on consumer response differs in prerelease versus postrelease advertisements depending on consumers’ perceived risk. Finally, we discuss implications for marketing research as well as for the design of prerelease advertisements for stimulating prerelease buzz and word of mouth.     

一句广告语带来新活力

1988年,澳大利亚悉尼歌剧院召开世界广告大会,主席布罗迪说:"这次盛大的会议的主题就是创新." 对于事物有独特的感觉和发现,从新的视觉中发现并提出问题,这是创新的基本要求. 美国鲑鱼市场上,红鲑鱼与粉红鲑鱼竞争十分激烈,多年不分胜负,但两方经销商的广告都说自己的略胜一筹.其实,初期的赢家是销售粉红鲑鱼的销售商,知名度和利润都要比对手高.     

Qualitative Research in Advertising

In spite of the rise of big data and the ease with which online experiments and surveys may be conducted, there is more need than ever for qualitative advertising research. This review considers both the methods and findings of such research. It focuses on the role of qualitative analyses in revealing how ads are “read” by consumers. Methodological approaches considered include observation, depth interviews, projective methods, focus groups, netnography, and videography. Theoretical approaches reviewed include semiotics, reader response, and co-optation theory. Because cultural analyses are a strength of qualitative research, global and cross-cultural advertising research is also examined. The article concludes with an evaluation of the ways in which qualitative advertising research can be combined with data analytics to produce richer and more complete understandings of consumer behavior in response to advertising.     

Advertising Ethics: The Use of Sexual Appeal in Chinese Advertising

With increasing social awareness of unethical advertisements in today's advertising, this study explores consumers' ethical judgements about the use of sexual appeals in advertising in a Chinese context by replicating LaTour and Henthorne's study. It specifically focuses upon responses on the Reidenbach-Robin multidimensional ethical scale, attitude toward the ad, attitude toward the brand and purchase intentions. The results show that sexual appeal was evaluated as the most frequent use in Hong Kong print advertising and they were also perceived as the most attractive instrument. Similar to LeTour and Henthorne's findings, regardless of respondent's gender, the use of a strong overt sexual appeal was not well received by Chinese consumers and resulted in less favorable attitude toward the ad itself and the purchase intention than using mild sexual themes. However, the degree of sexual content used in advertising has no direct influence on brand attitudes. Due to the conservative nature of Chinese culture, the advertisers should be careful in the use of sexual appeal for Chinese consumers.     

Advertising in the Professions

The issue of self-promotional advertising has been under active consideration by most of the professional bodies in the UK, and, generally, the reaction has been hostile. From a position where advertising was anathema to the professional, however, the rising tide of consumerism on the one side and government dedication to free competition on the other have weakened the professions' protective barriers. This review of the literature on regulation and de-regulation of advertising draws on studies which have relevance to, or have been concerned with, the professions of medicine, law and accountancy. The study begins with a brief section on how advertising might work and its relevance to the professions. There is then a discussion of the studies, mainly from the USA, which have looked at individual advertising in the professions and attempts at blanket suppression of advertising. A wide range of studies are cited which have been used either by those who oppose professional advertising or by those who support it. The former group is generally made up of studies from professional groups themselves. By contrast, there is a growing body of evidence showing that, with the de-regulation of advertising in the professions in the USA far from this increasing the prices of goods, as was assumed previously, the absence of advertising actually increases the price of goods above the levels that prevail where advertising is allowed. The final section considers a number of recent attitudinal studies of both professionals and consumers.     

旅游广告在旅游产品推广中的应用

经济的稳步发展和人民生活水平的日益提高,促进了国内旅游市场的蓬勃发展,旅游活动逐渐成为人们生活中的一个重要内容。旅游产品的生产企业之间的竞争日趋激烈,旅游产品的推广,越来越多地借助媒体广告来扩大影响力,吸引客源。旅游产品通过广告形式进行宣传与推广,成为旅游产业市场化的一个重要标志。旅游广告逐渐从普通的商品广告中脱颖而出,成为专门的广告分类。因此,针对我国目前旅游市场的特点和现状,研究媒体广告在旅游推广中的应用,是旅游研究的一个新课题。