旅游危机事件管理的国内外研究综述

文章试图对国内外旅游危机事件管理做个简单概述,以期对中国旅游危机事件管理的发展给与理论支持与参考。     

Insurance as an alternative environmental regulator: findings from a retrospective pollution claims survey

Little inquiry has occurred on insurance as an alternative environmental regulator, despite a growing interest in the subject. This paper presents the findings from a survey and questionnaire on two leading UK insurance companies' pollution claims. Insurers' initial underwriting assessments and post‐loss investigations and insureds' environmental management practices are poorly developed regarding pollution issues. Insurance is currently a weak financial instrument to prevent pollution losses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment     

The diary of a charity donor: an exploration of research information from the Royal Mail Consumer Panel and Mail Characteristics Survey

This paper looks at direct mail in the United Kingdom across all market sectors and in detail at the charity sector. It uses the research information that Royal Mail has been collecting foroveradecadetoshowthegrowthofthe medium. The diary system used by the Consumer Panel gives an insight into the typical donor and their relationship with charities. This paper looks only at direct mail: ‘personally addressed advertising material that is delivered through the post’. This definition means that leaflets put through the letterbox are excluded. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications     

Equilibrium models with land: A criticism and an alternative

Models of economies either of urban areas or with local public goods often involve the use of a continuum of consumers along with the use of a commodity called land; each consumer generally owns a parcel of land of positive area. The purpose of the present study is to show that such models are internally inconsistent (independent of the other assumptions employed) in that only countably many consumers can own parcels of land of non-zero area if land lies in a Euclidean space. This result applies, in particular, to monocentric city models. Moreover, it is shown that the standard justification for the use of economies with an infinity of agents, that they approximate large economies with a finite number of consumers, does not necessarily apply in the case of economies with land and a continuum of consumers. A model where land is represented by subsets of $\text{R}$² is presented as an alternative.     

Combating the counterfeits with web portal technology

Due to the globalisation of counterfeiting activities, the penetration of fake products in open market is growing. So far, the technologies to combat counterfeiting are mostly applied to high-value products (e.g. premium wine and branded handbags); however, in the medium- and low-value products' perspective, there is no secure way for consumers to identify whether the purchased items are genuine or not. To address the counterfeiting problems effectively, a platform for identifying authenticated products and promoting anti-counterfeit activities is very important. The aim of this paper is to design and develop an anti-counterfeit platform which includes two functions: providing customers a secure network to ascertain the genuineness of their purchased product and increasing public awareness of the current counterfeit problems and updated anti-counterfeit solutions. By combining these two functions, it enables public to fight against fake and beware of counterfeit. Results of adopting portal technology in anti-counterfeiting show high accuracy in product checking and improved creditability. This reveals that the applicability and advantage of the proposed methodology are satisfactory.     

Economic humidity control: an alternative to reheat

Heat pipe technology will have a significant impact on the power consumption of many manufacturing industries, the installation costs of new or replacement air conditioning systems, and on electric utility peak demands.     

Testing a parametric quantile-regression model with an endogenous explanatory variable against a nonparametric alternative

This paper is concerned with inference about a function g that is identified by a conditional quantile restriction involving instrumental variables. The paper presents a test of the hypothesis that g belongs to a finite-dimensional parametric family against a nonparametric alternative. The test is not subject to the ill-posed inverse problem of nonparametric instrumental variable estimation. Under mild conditions, the test is consistent against any alternative model. In large samples, its power is arbitrarily close to 1 uniformly over a class of alternatives whose distance from the null hypothesis is proportional to n^−1/2, where n is the sample size. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate the finite-sample performance of the test.     

Lobbying contests with alternative instruments

This is a model of a contest where, in order to win, each opponent can use two instruments. The probabilities of winning are explored, as well as the expenditures of the interest groups, and the relative rent-dissipation in both cases where the players have the option to use only one instrument (the standard Tullock contest) and where the players have the option to use two instruments in the contest. We show that the use of two instruments strengthens the player with the higher stake, decreases the relative rent dissipation and it decreases total expenditure if the parties are sufficiently asymmetric. Received: February 23, 2001 / Accepted: March 25, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" We are grateful to two anonymous referees and the editor Kai Konrad, for constructive comments.     

The franchising business model: an entrepreneurial growth alternative

The franchising business model is widely and increasingly used by entrepreneurs seeking growth through geographic expansion. Thus, continued research efforts are needed to help entrepreneurs make wise choices as to whether the franchising business model is appropriate for them. To help promote such research, we reviewed the literature on reasons for franchising and outcomes of franchising. Based on that review, we drew conclusions as to future research directions likely to be fruitful. Specifically, we recommend that researchers (a) continue adding theoretical diversity to franchising research, (b) build large-scale, longitudinal databases, (c) test or control for implicit and explicit assumptions, (d) pay more attention to micro-level considerations within franchise networks, and (e) compare franchising with alternative business models suitable for geographic expansion.     

Mimic,an alternative programming language for industrial dynamics

One of the recent quantitative tools available to economists and planners, in business and government, is a technique known as industrial dynamics (Refs. [2, 3, 5, 8]). After briefly describing this technique, this article shows how the MIMIC language can be used as a short-cut to industrial dynamics computations. The intent is to describe this programming language in sufficient detail to allow the reader to judge its capabilities and ease of use.     

基于Web框架的在线书店的设计和实现

在线书店是基于因特网在线图书销售过程设计出的。客户可以通过因特网登陆书店,浏览相关图书信息,将图书放在购物车里。根据自己的购买意向,顾客可以发送订单。网上书店系统管理员定期处理客户发来的订单。使用在线书店,能让你很快买到你感兴趣的图书,同时对于那些买不到的书,用户可以把这些信息提交给系统,管理员将根据客户的需求来处理,并反馈给用户。在线书店的销售过程是用ASP.NET技术实现的,基于B/S结构,但服务器端编程被设计成三层结构,具有更好的系统逻辑层次性和可扩展性,促进了网络应用的发展。     

Diversified behavioral portfolio as an alternative to Modern Portfolio Theory

The traditional mean–variance approach has been complemented by alternative theories that use risk measures different from standard deviation of returns or involve additional distributional features of returns like skewness and kurtosis. We propose a portfolio choice model that combines different distributional characteristics of the returns in the decision-making making process, considering preferences of investors which are modeled as non-statistical uncertainties of investors using fuzzy theory. We use 20 stocks of the S&P500 from January 2013 to December 2017. We assess the obtained portfolios’ performance, and the diversified behavioral portfolios outperform than the mean–variance portfolio. This methodological proposal can be seen as a strong managerial tool to make investment portfolio decisions.     

Donor survival analysis: an alternative perspective on lifecycle modelling

There is considerable pressure on charities and voluntary organisations, both to reduce ‘wasted’ expenditure on administrative costs and unwanted mailings, and to deliver more and better services from their voluntary support. Modern tools allow organisations to tailor mailing requirements to individual needs easily and cheaply. Charities need to become ever more efficient: improving the response rates, while reducing overall expenditure on money‐raising activities. Simple means and summary statistics can be seriously biased and misleading for this type of data. Survival analysis is a good, sound and flexible tool to analyse length of time to next donation and membership data. This can lead to a better understanding and more efficient use of the available budgets. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications     

Compensation for illiquidity in China: Evidence from an alternative measure

This paper shows that liquidity is an important source of priced risk in China. Using A-share stocks in Shanghai and Shenzhen Exchange over the period 2007–2017, we examine the influence of liquidity on stock returns. A new liquidity measure that captures multiple dimensions of liquidity is proposed. Fama-Macbeth cross-sectional regression shows that the expected return is negatively correlated with liquidity. Based on Fama and French (1993), we propose a five-factor pricing model by incorporating reversal factor and liquidity factor. Time-series regressions show that the liquidity factor makes significantly marginal contributions to explaining excess stock returns. The liquidity factor based on the proposed measure works better than alternative liquidity measures such as turnover, Amihud illiquidity measure and the measure in Liu (2006).     

Statistical aspects of simulation: an updated survey*

Abstract Practical statistical techniques for the design and analysis of simulation experiments are presented. These techniques are relevant in both discrete and continuous, deterministic and stochastic simulation. To generalize and interpret the simulation output the analyst can use regression analysis. This analysis allows for interactions among factors. Actually the regression model provides either a first-order or a second-order approximation to the complicated simulation model. To decide which system variants (parameter combinations) should be simulated, the analyst may apply experimental design theory. This theory makes the exploration of the simulated system much more efficient and more thorough. In the preliminary phase of the simulation experimentation special screening designs can be used to investigate hundreds of factors in relatively few runs. In stochastic simulation additional problems arise. There are several approaches for determining how to initialize a simulation run and how long to continue that run. These approaches result in a confidence interval for the estimated response. Both steady-state and transient behavior are examined. Special variance reduction techniques are briefly discussed; the use of common random numbers (identical seeds) is discussed in more detail.     

Influence of web portals on management support and university performance: an information quality perspective

Quality & Quantity - The objective of this study is to determine the influence of web portals utilization on management support and performance in universities, considering the information...