The Impact of the Housing Market Boom and Bust on Consumption Spending

While econometric evidence for the United States has consistently shown that increases in real estate wealth induce additional consumption, it does not directly speak to the effect of a substantial decrease in real estate wealth. This paper examines the real-estate wealth-consumption relationship over the past half century with a particular focus on the sharp decline in 2006–08, and finds that the wealth effect in the recent down market is significantly larger than in an up market. Additionally, wealth changes seem only to affect consumption of services and nondurable goods; there is virtually no impact on durable-goods consumption.     

MONOTONICITY PROPERTIES OF OPTIMAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES FOR LOG-BROWNIAN ASSET PRICES

Consider the geometric Brownian motion market model and an investor who strives to maximize expected utility from terminal wealth. If the investor's relative risk aversion is an increasing function of wealth, the main result in this paper proves that the optimal demand in terms of the total wealth invested in a given risky portfolio at any date is decreasing in absolute value with wealth. The proof depends on the functional form of the Brunn–Minkowski inequality due to Prékopa.     

Housing wealth effect in emerging economies

In this paper I estimate the impact of changes in real and financial wealth on private consumption for a panel of 17 emerging economies from Asia and Central and Eastern Europe. Households' consumption, income and the two measures of real and financial wealth – proxied by house and stock market prices – are found to be difference-stationary and co-integrated; by means of recent econometric techniques for heterogeneous panels, i.e. the pooled mean group estimator, inference is drawn about the long- and short-run relationships between the variables of interest. The main result of the analysis shows that both real and financial wealth positively affect households' consumption in the long-run, with the elasticity of housing wealth being larger than that of stock market wealth. Moreover, there is also a significant short-run adjustment from income, stock prices and house prices on consumption, i.e. consumption adjusts to its long-run relationship with lags. When the model is run for the two groups of countries separately, the long-run impact of an increase (decrease) in house prices is generally higher in Central and Eastern European economies with respect to Asian ones, which make them more vulnerable to further adverse housing market developments.     

The Business Responsibility for Wealth Distribution in a Globalized Political-Economy: Merging Moral Economics and Catholic Social Teaching

If it is accepted that the real marketplace does not necessarily distribute wealth in the manner that the ideal market would have done, and that societal institutions have an obligation to bring the real and ideal market distributions into accord, then it can be argued that economic actors have a responsibility to consider the effects of their activities on the distribution of wealth in society. This paper asserts that businesses have a responsibility to consider the wealth distribution effects of their wealth-creating decisions. We use arguments from moral economics and Catholic social teaching to support this assertion, deriving decision principles that we apply to the Starbucks fair trade coffee case.     

An analysis of bank stock price reaction to distressed borrowers: Taiwanese evidence

This paper investigates the impacts of a borrower's reorganisation plan confirmation on its lending bank's shareholder wealth. Earlier empirical research is completely silent on this research area. Using data from a sample of Taiwanese reorganised firms, this paper shows that the market discriminates among lending banks by making inferences based on their exposure to their reorganised borrower; that is, the lead lending banks experience negative wealth effects, whereas the second lending banks experience positive effects. The results also show that wealth effects are negatively related to loan collateral and rates charged on the loans as well as on corporate leverage. In addition, the reliability and robustness of the model are demonstrated by the receiver operating characteristic curves.     

Merger proposals,managerial discretion,and magnitude of shareholders' wealth gains

Recently, the market for corporate control has attracted much attention. Scholars have attempted to ascertain whether managerial resistance is in the interests of shareholders. This study compares the average actual changes in wealth of accepted merger proposals with those of rejected merger proposals. It also compares the realized changes in shareholder wealth of the rejected proposals with the realizable shareholder wealth changes. In either case, managerial resistance leads to smaller gains in wealth. Based on these results, we cannot reject the view that managerial resistance is detrimental to the interests of shareholders.     

The costs of lead bank–distressed borrower relationships: evidence from commercial lending in Taiwan

This is the first study to investigate the impact of the adjudication of a borrower's reorganisation filing on the shareholder wealth of the lead bank. The results reveal that the market is acutely sensitive to adverse information and the reorganisation adjudication of a borrower's plan has a detrimental effect on the reputation and wealth of the lead bank. Further, while both are positively associated with wealth effects, the RATE of the loan-level variable is more highly related than the LEVERAGE of the borrower-level variable to wealth loss. Additionally, large lenders experience less wealth loss. The higher the bank debt of a firm, the higher the adverse abnormal returns to the lead bank. Higher collateral and rates on loans are used to compensate for the greater risk of the loan portfolio. Likewise, the market may view lead banks with high loan loss reserves as banks that are not particularly adept at identifying creditworthy borrowers.     

A MODEL OF INTERACTION BETWEEN THE VIRTUAL AND THE REAL ECONOMY

This paper demonstrates through a formal model how the wealth effect created by a stock market boom leads to the expansion of demand and output mostly through debt‐financed private consumption. However, inherent in this expansion is the threat of a subsequent contraction caused by the rising burden of servicing debt and falling creditworthiness. The formal analysis captures more precisely these conditions; it shows that, even in the medium run, the growth rates of the wealth in the stock market and of the real economy may move in opposite directions.     

中国民营企业家创业为何步履维艰——一些理论家和作家贬损民营企业家的文化根源探析

长期以来，中国人对个人财富似乎有一种先天的“过敏反应”，往往认为“为富不仁”，甚至视“财富为万恶之源”。遗憾的是，我们的一些知识精英、理论家和作家也如此是观。这种几千年农耕社会遗留的小农经济观念显然与现代市场经济观念是格格不入的。中国市场经济的发展，有赖于培植全民的财富积累和资本增殖的理念，有赖于创造适合民营企业家创业和大显身手的环境和土壤。     

Market Orientation and Firm Value

Several studies in the market orientation literature demonstrate a positive relationship between a market orientation and firm performance. However, the mechanisms of this relationship have yet to be explored in detail. This article addresses such a gap by proposing a conceptual model that links market orientation to wealth creation in firms. The model posits that a market orientation guides investment in market-based assets that may be deployed to create customer value. The realisation of customer value helps to both capture and retain customers. Quicker and more extensive market penetration, shorter sales cycles, and decreased marketing and sales costs enhance the cash flow of a market-oriented firm. This may be recognised in higher valuations, which ultimately translate into higher share prices and wealth creation for the owners of the firm. This model is used to describe the creation of value in the Major Business Division of BT, a large information technology service company. Recent success in this Division of BT is attributed to the creation of a market orientation and customer value-based strategy and processes. The experience of BT provides a clear illustration of how a market oriented firm creates value for both customers and shareholders.     

国际贸易乘数与国际金融乘数研究

本文首先在Krugman的国际金融乘数模型的基础上引入产品市场,建立了一个既包含国际贸易乘数效应又包含国际金融乘数效应的两国经济依存模型。在该模型中,各国的资产市场与产品市场通过财富效应和收入效应建立互动关系,两国的资产市场之间通过国际金融乘数效应建立互动关系,两国的产品市场之间通过国际贸易乘数效应建立互动关系。然后本文通过该模型分析了当本国资产市场上出现负向需求冲击时的后果。分析结果显示,本国资产市场上出现的负向需求冲击会直接导致本国资产价格下跌,而本国资产价格下跌一方面通过财富效应导致本国产出下降,另一方面通过国际金融乘数效应引发外国的资产价格下跌,本国产出下降又会通过国际贸易乘数效应导致外国产出下降。     

股票市场传导货币政策的财富效应与Q效应分析

目前,我国股票市场已成为货币政策传导的一条重要渠道。货币政策实施后,股票市场将产生财富效应从而影响消费支出,产生Q效应从而影响投资支出,进而影响总产出。但由于我国股票市场仍存在诸多问题,财富效应和Q效应均不显著,货币政策通过股票市场传导效率较低。为提高传导效率,应逐步发展并完善我国的股票市场     

CONTINUOUS-TIME MEAN-VARIANCE PORTFOLIO SELECTION WITH BANKRUPTCY PROHIBITION

A continuous-time mean-variance portfolio selection problem is studied where all the market coefficients are random and the wealth process under any admissible trading strategy is not allowed to be below zero at any time. The trading strategy under consideration is defined in terms of the dollar amounts, rather than the proportions of wealth, allocated in individual stocks. The problem is completely solved using a decomposition approach. Specifically, a (constrained) variance minimizing problem is formulated and its feasibility is characterized. Then, after a system of equations for two Lagrange multipliers is solved, variance minimizing portfolios are derived as the replicating portfolios of some contingent claims, and the variance minimizing frontier is obtained. Finally, the efficient frontier is identified as an appropriate portion of the variance minimizing frontier after the monotonicity of the minimum variance on the expected terminal wealth over this portion is proved and all the efficient portfolios are found. In the special case where the market coefficients are deterministic, efficient portfolios are explicitly expressed as feedback of the current wealth, and the efficient frontier is represented by parameterized equations. Our results indicate that the efficient policy for a mean-variance investor is simply to purchase a European put option that is chosen, according to his or her risk preferences, from a particular class of options.     

论市值

市值大小影响本国货币的币值,币值变化也要影响到市值.在成熟的股票市场,市值的表现应是相对稳定的.在市值能够稳定的基础上,市值才能够逐渐增升.正常的市值跌落是由于货币升值,不正常的市值跌落会进一步地推动货币贬值.当股票市场出现了不正常的市值跌落.可以迅速地膨胀某些人的财富.中国股市的市值终将要强劲增升,因为中国经济进入工业化腾飞阶段后的高速发展,会引起价格随之上涨,货币随之贬值,于是市值相应必然增升.     

MARKET SELECTION OF FINANCIAL TRADING STRATEGIES: GLOBAL STABILITY

In this paper we analyze the long-run dynamics of the market selection process among simple trading strategies in an incomplete asset market with endogenous prices. We identify a unique surviving financial trading strategy. Investors following this strategy asymptotically gather total market wealth. This result generalizes findings by Blume and Easlcy (1992) to any complete or incomplete asset market.     

20 Jahre Binnenmarkt

In 1992 the European Single Market was to have been completed. But there is still no truly integrated market in many fields — the EC has to overcome many obstacles yet to make this happen. Based on different EU integration indexes, it is shown that internal market integration has developed since the introduction of the euro. At the same time, the internal market linkages are different from country to country. Internal — but also external - trade and wealth have grown. However, whether there would have been more or less success without the internal market is a question that must be answered. A single market probably does not require a common currency.     

Founder management and the market for corporate control for IPO firms: The moderating effect of the power structure of the firm

This study draws on agency and stewardship theory to evaluate the relationship between alternative governance regimes (founder versus non-founder CEO) adopted at the time of going public on post-IPO economic outcomes in the market for corporate control. We find that the presence of founder CEOs reduces the likelihood of post-IPO change of control but enhances target IPO firm wealth by increasing acquisition premiums. Additionally, we examine whether measures of CEO power over the board moderate the relationship between founder management and target IPO firm wealth. Our results suggest that CEO duality is the most effective instrument of CEO power available to founder CEOs to positively influence target firm wealth. Further, we find that while founder CEOs utilize power derived from CEO duality to increase acquisition premiums, non-founder CEOs use board leadership power to expropriate shareholder wealth.     

主权财富基金的生存困境与发展动向

主权财富基金面临着追求国家战略意图与商业回报的困境、被动投资与积极股东主义的困境、平衡透明度与商业秘密的困境、促进金融市场稳定与危及金融市场稳定的困境以及全球化自由投资与日益抬头的金融保护主义的冲突。主权财富管理正逐渐从传统的以规避风险为目的的流动性管理模式,向更加多元化和具有更强风险承受能力的资产管理模式转变。主权财富基金发展趋势具有两个特点：一是资产规模持续增长、规模不断扩大;二是普遍采取专业化、市场化运作手段和多元化投资经营策略,谋求长远投资,获得较高收益。     

Optimal portfolio composition and the CAPM

It is commonly assumed that the CAPM implies that all investors hold a balanced portfolio, “the market portfolio,” and investors just determine the proportion of their wealth held in the market portfolio and the risk-free asset. That this is patently at odds with observed investor behavior is sometimes used to justify rejecting the CAPM. However, by assuming that substitute securities exist, in this paper we still obtain the CAPM, although investors neither hold all of the assets in the market nor a balanced shareholding in the assets they do hold.     

MULTIPLICATIVE APPROXIMATION OF WEALTH PROCESSES INVOLVING NO‐SHORT‐SALES STRATEGIES VIA SIMPLE TRADING

A financial market model with general semimartingale asset–price processes and where agents can only trade using no‐short‐sales strategies is considered. We show that wealth processes using continuous trading can be approximated very closely by wealth processes using simple combinations of buy‐and‐hold trading. This approximation is based on controlling the proportions of wealth invested in the assets. As an application, the utility maximization problem is considered and it is shown that optimal expected utilities and wealth processes resulting from continuous trading can be approximated arbitrarily well by the use of simple combinations of buy‐and‐hold strategies.