欧盟原材料贸易战略述评

欧盟推出原材料贸易战略的背景是,欧盟原材料需求对外依存度高,国际范围内原材料获取竞争加剧,原材料贸易限制措施日益盛行。主要目标是确保欧盟在世界市场可持续地、可预见地获取原材料。实施途径包括:借力双边和多边协定,确立贸易规则;利用争端解决机制,应对贸易限制措施;开展对话协商,与相关利益方建立良好关系,推动形成原材料自由贸易的氛围。欧盟原材料战略体现综合应对的特点。欧盟原材料战略对中国有重大影响,需认真研究。     

Prices of raw materials continue to rise

Following the abatement of the boom market during the early months of 1983, the coming months will see an “adjustment” of world market prices for industrial raw materials to “fundamental” market conditions. Price fluctuations are likely during this period. A gradual increase in demand for raw materials and a moderate rise in raw materials prices can be expected during the further course of 1983 and in 1984.     

Customer satisfaction in European food retailing

Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty is becoming an increasingly important factor in modern retailing—a market characterized by slow growth and intense competition. Big non-European chains such as Walmart are already present in some countries and consider buying some of the retail chains in other countries, e.g. in the Scandinavian countries. This development will demand even more focus on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in order to stay in business and may also demand that existing actors on the market place form new coalitions. Promising new partners may be identified, partly based upon measures identifying how potential partners are perceived by the customers. Based on results from the European Customer Satisfaction study, a comparative analysis of customer satisfaction in Europe is conducted. Some specific Danish results are shown and the relationship between customer loyalty, supermarket type and ownership structure is studied. The relationship between results after taxes and customer loyalty is documented.     

Economic Challenges in the Clean Energy Supply Chain: The Market for Rare Earth Minerals and Other Critical Inputs

The past few years have witnessed an increased impetus toward renewable energy to replace fossil fuels that has been driven both by environmental and national security concerns. Recent political instability in North Africa and the Middle East has added to concerns about the security of petroleum supplies. Nevertheless, renewable energy technologies are also exposed to supply chain risks for key inputs, especially rare earths, for which China is the dominant supplier. Rising price pressures in the rare earth market, due to increased demand, as well as China's tightening of export quotas, have magnified concerns about the availability of rare earths. This has led countries to develop strategies to find other sources, to substitute other materials, and to recycle. Over the longer term, the viability of the market for rare earths is dependent on the growth in demand for products requiring rare earth, the ability to find alternative supply sources to China, and possibly increased government support.     

Market Orientation and Raw Material Control

Much of the existing literature on market orientation emphasizes the role played by the competencies of companies in selling products. However, in industries that rely on a natural resource sector for its primary input, another constraint may dominate: the limitations on supply of that input. We examine this issue in the context of a particular natural resource sector, the fishery, as a case study of the more general phenomenon. Using the example of Norway's apparent lack of market orientation as a supplier of fresh fish, the paper demonstrates how the characteristics of natural resource sectors as well as how public policies are used to manage those sectors may place significant roadblocks in the way of developing a market orientation by the industries that depend on those sectors for raw material. The paper notes that there has been an increased consumer demand for fresh fish, away from the frozen product. This, in principle, should lead to an increased need for a market orientation by sellers and closer relationships between the primary processors and the distributors of fresh seafood. However, several barriers, including those associated with fishery management, hinder this process. These include the presence of a structure where earnings from fishing are independent of quality, the seasonality of supplies in the raw fish markets, the way fish quotas are managed, the structure of first hand sales, and the underdeveloped relationships between supermarkets and the primary processors. In short, the analysis identifies critical linkages between fishery management and the marketing of seafood. Its broader contribution is to increased understanding of the interdependencies between the marketing of natural resource-based products and public management of that resource.     

Do ESG Controversies Matter for Firm Value? Evidence from International Data

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) controversies and firm market value. We use a unique dataset of more than 4000 firms from 58 countries during 2002–2011. Primary analysis surprisingly shows that ESG controversies are associated with greater firm value. However, when interacted with the corporate social performance (CSP) score, ESG controversies are found to have no direct effect on firm value while the interaction appears to be highly and significantly positive. Building on this evidence, we attempt to explore the channels through which CSP may enhance market value. Conducting sample split analysis indicates that higher CSP score has an impact on market value only for high-attention firms, those firms which are larger, perform better, located in countries with greater press freedom, more searched on the Internet, more followed by analysts, and have an improved corporate social reputation. Thus, our findings provide new insights on the role of firm visibility through which firms can profit from their CSP.     

纺织服装——震荡潜行

2011年,纺织服装行业产品出口的生存条件比金融危机前不会有本质性的改观。     

中国石化产品市场现状与预测

从中国石化工业继续实施扩能和石化产品供需状况出发,评述了乙烯等石化基础原料、对苯二甲酸等石化有机原料和中间体与三大合成材料的市场现状以及未来市场发展预测。到2015年中国乙烯市场仍将供不应求,但中东地区低成本乙烯的进入将使中国企业面临压力。中国丙烯市场缺口在400万t以上。苯、甲苯产能将明显过剩,对二甲苯的供应缺口也大幅缩小,芳烃市场将面临供过于求的局面。2015年中国合成橡胶产能将超过300万t/a,通用大品种将产能过剩,而IIR、EPDM及其他特种橡胶仍可能产不足需。     

全球醋酸乙烯市场分析及预测

醋酸乙烯是重要的有机化工原料之一。综述了全球醋酸乙烯制造商及生产情况、供需平衡及消费结构,并预测了全球醋酸乙烯市场的未来发展趋势。还对中国醋酸乙烯行业的发展进行了分析,认为中国对醋酸乙烯的需求将成为推动未来全球市场的关键因素,对拟在建醋酸乙烯项目提出了一些建议。     

Mapping Research Topics and Theories in Private Regulation for Sustainability in Global Value Chains

The globalization of production and trade has contributed to the rise in complex global value chains where the reach of state regulation is limited. As an alternative, private regulation, developed and administered by companies, industry associations, and nongovernmental organizations, has emerged to safeguard economic, environmental, and social sustainability in producer countries and along the value chain. The academic literature on private regulation in global value chains has grown over the last decade, but currently few major reviews of the research have been undertaken. This paper examines peer-reviewed research in the relevant disciplines published in academic journals up to December 2011. Our goal is to identify and classify the topics and theories in the global value chain literature. We conclude that the number of articles explicitly examining private regulation, in a global value chain context, is relatively small when considering the importance and growth of these chains in the world’s economy. We also conclude that agriculture, forestry, and apparel manufacturing are the most often studied economic sectors; in contrast, other sectors, such as the information, communication and technology, with their complex global value chains, and often problematic environmental and social conditions, are understudied.     

Processing mineral raw materials

Processing of raw materials by the producer countries themselves has frequently been recommended as an appropriate way for developing countries to increase their domestic value added and achieve positive employment effects. As against that, the following article suggests that Third World governments should not take hasty investment decisions in favour of processing raw materials since the effects on the national economy in terms of the cost-benefit ratio could well be more favourable in other branches of industry.     

全球新能源汽车产业竞争格局研究

本文通过对影响新能源汽车产业竞争力的关键因素分析,得出结论如下:第一,全球新能源汽车替代率仍较低,仍然处于发展初期,但发展迅速、市场前景乐观。新能源汽车产业规模不断扩大,相对于传统汽车的竞争能力有所提升,纯电动汽车的市场竞争能力强于插电式混合动力电动车。第二,在新能源汽车产业链条中,中美欧在终端市场销售上拥有优势,中日美三国在生产制造环节具有竞争优势,中日韩在产业配套上具有竞争优势;中国公共基础设施方面具有竞争优势,挪威在新能源汽车替代传统汽车方面表现突出。第三,中美两国新能源汽车产业的发展路径不同,各自的竞争优势也不同,竞争优势差异主要表现在:美国在核心技术创新能力、新能源汽车市场对外开放程度和单一车型市场占有率等方面具有显著的优势;中国则在政策支持力度、产业规模、市场规模、产业配套、政策综合效果等方面优势显著。     

基于弹性模型的市场势力研究——以锰矿石为研究对象

锰矿石是工业产业重要的基础性大宗原料矿产。对锰矿石的需求量也不断扩大,国内锰矿石的产量越来越不能满足需求。目前少数国家主导了国际市场定价权,如何把握锰矿石在国际市场上的定价权对中国具有重要意义。在RDE模型的基础上,对市场势力的测度模型做了进一步的拓展,并对中国和澳大利亚的锰矿石的贸易进行了实证分析,研究发现,剩余供给弹性和剩余需求弹性是影响市场势力的核心因素。     

The Internationalization Strategy of Spanish Indigenous Franchised Chains: A Resource‐Based View*

In this paper, we identify characteristics of Spanish franchised chains that favor the adoption of an internationalization strategy and those that have a negative influence from a resource‐based perspective. Data used were drawn from Annual Franchise Guidebooks published in Spain for 2005. Various independent variables were taken into account and the final sample included 316 Spanish franchised chains. In order to detect relevant differences between chains with some degree of internationalization and those that only operate in the Spanish domestic market, we conducted a discriminant analysis to discover which of the independent variables contributed significantly to a correct classification of chains to their corresponding group (those that have chosen to spread activities abroad and those that have not).     

Ethical Screening and Financial Performance: The Case of Islamic Equity Funds

Poor working conditions remain a serious problem in supplier facilities in developing countries. While previous research has explored this from the developed buyers’ side, we examine this phenomenon from the perspective of developing countries’ suppliers and subcontractors. Utilizing qualitative data from a major knitwear exporting cluster in India and a stakeholder management lens, we develop a framework that shows how the assumptions of conventional, buyer-driven voluntary governance break down in the dilution of buyer power and in the web of factors rooted in suppliers’ traditions, beliefs, local demands and resource dependency. We reveal out how success in governing collaborative global supply chains often falls short within the subcontracting stage, where a stakeholder management mindset is elusive to most participants. We suggest that success in governing collaborative global supply chains is dependent on concepts of stakeholder utility and the presence of shared value that is often at odds with the realities of power, information asymmetry and compliance/reward systems inherent in the non-market coordination of global supply chains. Our findings offer important insights for delineating the concepts of value creation from CSR concepts and practices, and for modifying the basic assumptions of conventional supply chain governance.     

The Australian Mining Industry Council, 1967–75

As the long boom that followed the Second World War ended in inflation, unemployment and exchange rate instability, business peak associations became more active on a range of policy issues. Industries that had not seen value in such forms of political organisation in the past established them. Australian mining companies created the Australian Mining Industry Council (AMIC) to lobby the government over changes in the exchange rate, wages and budgetary policy, foreign investment guidelines and tariffs on imports of machinery and raw materials. In this the AMIC was often drawn into conflicts with manufacturer organisations that represented industries catering for the domestic market, whereas mining companies relied heavily on foreign investment and export sales. The AMIC was also very active in opposing attempts by government to interfere in the contractual negotiations between mining companies and overseas buyers of minerals and metals. Apart from economic policy issues, the mining industry faced challenges from the environmental movement and indigenous Aboriginal claims for land rights that placed barriers in the way of easy access to deposits. These challenges required innovative and flexible industry-wide approaches to influence government legislation and public opinion.     

Evaluating the purchase behaviour of organic food by young consumers in an emerging market economy

Promoting consumer purchase behaviour of eco-friendly products is key to environmental sustainability. This research aims to investigate how different factors may enhance or impede young consumers’ intentions to purchase a specific type of eco-friendly product, i.e. organic food. Data were obtained from 289 respondents in an emerging market economy, i.e. Vietnam. Multivariate data analysis using structural equation modelling revealed that food safety concern, health consciousness and media exposure to food messages played integral roles in the formation of attitude towards organic food. Interestingly, consumers’ environmental concern and food taste were of little value in predicting their attitude. Notably, perceived barriers (i.e. high price, inadequate availability, poor labelling and extra time required) significantly impeded both attitude and purchase intention towards organic food. The insights gained from this research extend current knowledge about pro-environmental behaviour in developing countries and they have important practical implications for marketers and other key stakeholders.     

维生素E是一种有发展前途的产品

维生素E(V_E),特别是天然V_E,是一种很有发展前途的保健品,其需求年增长率超过10％。我国V_E在发展中,但天然V_E原料不足和V_E代用品的发展正在成为V_E市场的决定性限制因素。     

基于层次分析法的食品供应链风险影响因素评价研究——以生鲜食品为例

食品供应链可分为原料采集阶段,加工制造阶段与分级销售阶段。在供应链的各个不同的阶段中,都会面临来自供应链自身以及外部的诸多风险,概括起来主要有原材料采购风险,物流运输储存风险,市场需求风险。它们直接或间接的受到诸多因素的影响,各影响因素的不断变化决定着供应链风险的高低。本文总结出了4大主要影响因素,即自然条件,信息因素,物流技术及设备,市场需求因素,并应用层次分析法对这四大影响因子进行重要性排序,结果表明,这四个因素对于生鲜食品供应链风险的影响程度排序为:物流技术和设备,信息因素,市场需求环境,自然条件。本文以上述排序为基础,提炼出了相应的解决方案和措施,为如何规避当前我国生鲜食品供应链存在的风险提供合适的建议。     

Exprot Decline Leads to a Weaker RMB?

Since the beginning of 2008,rising prices of raw materials,labor cost and RMB value have caused sharply decreased profits of export enterprises in China.And the last straw seems to be the plunging demand in foreien markets which results from the nnanctat crisis.Hit by the dual-shock,a large number of small and medium-sized export enterprises have closed down.Apparently export as an important driving force for China's economic growth is now faced with an unprecedented crisis.