How Inequality Affects Trust in Institutions: Evidence from Indonesia

Trust is an important ingredient to improve economic performance and people's welfare by alleviating market failures caused by imperfect information, costly enforcement, or coordination failures. Using the World Values Survey 2018, we estimate the impact of village and district levels inequality on trust in institutions in Indonesia. We find that higher village level inequality has a negative effect only on trust in strangers, while higher district level inequality reduces trust in television, the press, the central government, the courts, and the police. The implication points to the importance of keeping inequality at the aggregate level in check to maintain people's trust in social, political and state institutions.     

Industrial organization in a restructuring socialist economy: Evidence from Bulgaria

Using new data for all state and cooperatively-owned Bulgarian establishments and enterprises in 1988 and 1989 we portray key aspects of Bulgarian industrial organization. During 1988–89: state ownership became less dominant; there was an abrupt reversal in the twenty year trend towards bigger economic units; more than half of the largest firms were concentrated in certain sectors, notably engineering and construction; using official prices, only about 10% of enterprises made losses. These data and other new data for manufacturing products enable calculation of diverse measures of market structure as this may evolve under the policies introduced in 1991. Indices of market concentration typically show substantial concentration; usually about 50% of manufacturing output was produced in potentially competitive environments. While estimates of minimum efficient scale imply that MES does not constitute a significant barrier to entry for new competitors, the underdeveloped nature of the Bulgarian capital market probably greatly restricted entry.     

信任和学习对供应链竞争力的影响——基于中国汽摩配件产业的实证研究

本文运用供应链管理框架并结合战略文献,探索了中国汽摩配件产业中企业间的学习、信任以及供应链竞争力之间的关系。通过对长江三角洲地区81家汽摩配件制造企业的实证研究,本文构建了供应链战略关系的模型。该模型不仅可以很好地解释零配件制造企业如何成功地从契约、协议的范式转变到网络及创新的范式,也从信任和学习的角度解释了不同组合程度对供应链竞争力的影响。     

由信托财产的独立性看信托公示登记制度

信托是从英美法系中移植到大陆法系中,由于各国文化和法律传统存在差异,对“信托”的描述和规定也有所不同,但都没有脱离信托财产独立性的基本理念。建立信托公示登记制度,既是信托财产独立性的必然要求,也是信托物权特性的必然体现。我国应考虑对有关信托公示登记的规定进行修正,以期既符合我国国情,又能与国际接轨。     

To Trust or to Control: Informal Value Transfer Systems and Computational Analysis in Institutional Economics

This article illustrates the usefulness of computational methods for the investigation of institutions. As an example, we use a computational agent-based model to study the role of general trust and social control in informal value transfer systems (IVTS). We find that the terms of interaction between general trust and social control have an impact on how IVTS work, become stable, and prove highly effective. The case shows how computational models may help (i) to operationalize institutional theory and to clarify the functioning of institutions; (ii) to test the logical consistency of alternative hypotheses about institutions; and (iii) to relate institutionalist theory with other paradigms and to practice an interested pluralism.     

产业集群内企业间信任机制的转变：从关系型信任到制度型信任——来自珠江三角洲产业集群的经验

产业集群内企业间的信任是集群存在和发展的基础。珠江三角洲地区产业集群内信任机制经历了从重人情向重制度的演变。基于组织层面的视角,本研究提出了产业集群内信任的四种形成机制,包括关系机制、过程机制、商誉机制和制度机制。珠江三角洲特殊的信任文化造就了家族企业,而关系型信任却制约着家族企业,影响产业集群的升级。本文从信任的角度分析了珠江三角洲家族企业“只大不强”的原因,指出信任扩展对家族企业的创新发展和产业升级至关重要,并从实践的角度对产业集群建构信任提出建议。     

FDI的水平与垂直溢出效应——以长三角二省一市为例

利用2000—2007年长三角地区两省一市27个制造业细分行业的面板数据,实证检验了FDI对内资企业的水平溢出、后向溢出和前向溢出效应,分别就FDI对长三角地区整体和江苏、浙江和上海不同地理单元的27个制造业整体及不同类型组(高、中、低技术产业组)的溢出效应进行实证检验。结果显示,长三角地区、江苏、浙江和上海的FDI都对内资企业具有正的后向溢出效应和负的前向溢出效应,江苏和浙江的FDI的水平溢出效应为正,上海的FDI的水平溢出效应为负。     

Institutional Foundations of Heritage Railways: The High Cost of Low Trust in the Preservation of Merit Goods

This article is an empirical inquiry into the nature and causes of the preservation and reuse of railway heritage from a comparative point of view. It addresses the question of why this heritage is not preserved in Andalusia (Spain). Railway heritage is a mixed good, as a public good requires either the public or the not-for-profit sector to intervene to ensure its preservation. In the case of a merit good, it is legitimate for the government to interfere with consumer preferences. The results suggest that three factors directly impact the preservation of railway heritage: (i) the quality of government, (ii) volunteering, and (iii) collective preferences. The first two factors depend on social capital as measured by generalized trust, while the third one is idiosyncratic.     

职业经理人组织信任与其离职倾向的关系——基于人口统计学特征的经验检验

通过对326个有效样本进行统计分析,探究了不同性别、不同学历层次和不同婚姻状况的职业经理人的组织信任与其离职倾向之间的关系。结果显示:职业经理人的组织信任与其离职倾向均显著负相关;就两者的作用机理而言,工作满意度在学历层次为非本科的职业经理人的组织信任与其离职倾向的关系中未发挥中介作用;就职业经理人离职倾向对其组织信任和工作满意度变化的敏感程度而言,男性比女性更敏感,本科学历的比非本科学历的更敏感。     

Reproducing the Firm: Routines,Networks, and Identity

Firm survival or reproduction does not occur as a matter of course. Especially under circumstances in which uncertainty and equivocality prevail is firm reproduction potentially problematic. Uncertainty prevails when there is insufficient or inadequate information to assess a situation, equivocality when the information available is multiinterpretable. Firm routines, social networks in a firm, and an organization’s identity can explain how a firm reproduces. We offer suggestions as to which of these will contribute to firm reproduction under what circumstances.     

Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History: A Re-examination

Berg et al. (Games and Economic Behavior, 10, pp. 122–142, 1995) study trust and reciprocity in an investment setting. They find significant amounts of trust and reciprocity and conclude that trust is a guiding behavioral instinct (a primitive in their terminology). We modify the way information is presented to participants and, through a questionnaire, prompt strategic reasoning. To our surprise, none of our various treatments led to a reduction in the amount invested. Previously reported experimental results to the contrary did not survive replication. Our results suggest that those by Berg, Dickhaut, and McCabe are rather robust to changes in information presentation and strategic reasoning prompts. We discuss the implications of these findings.     

Trust in triads: effects of exit, control, and learning

This paper provides theoretical background for some effects of social networks on trust. We study the implications of a model with rational actors in two settings with three actors. In the first setting, there are two trustees who are involved in transactions with one truster implying that the truster has an exit option. In the second setting, two trusters play with one trustee, which gives the trusters options for voice, i.e., complaining and informing each other about the trustee's behavior. We compare these models with a baseline model in which there is only one truster and one trustee. It turns out that the opportunities for placing and honoring trust do not change for the exit model compared to the baseline model. The opportunities for trust in the voice model differ from the baseline model only if both trusters inform each other at a rate that is high enough. Only if the possibilities for receiving information and transmitting information are large enough for both trusters, trust will increase due to the information exchange possibilities in the voice model.     

声誉、债务与会计稳健性——信任视角的一项经验研究

文章从信任的角度研究了公司声誉如何影响债务契约对会计稳健性的要求。声誉较好的债务人能够赢得债权人的信任,从而降低债务契约对会计稳健性的要求。文章运用我国上市公司的数据,采用三种声誉度量方法,实证检验发现债务水平对会计稳健性有正向影响,债务人的良好声誉能够降低这种正向影响。文章以信任概念为基础整合了声誉和会计稳健性的理论关系,拓展了财务会计研究的视野,并为声誉对法律的替代作用提供了新的经验证据。     

Trust in the image of God: Links between religiosity and reciprocity in Haiti

Are religious believers more prosocial than other people? In a trust game field experiment with 774 subjects in Haiti, we elicit willingness to pay to play in the presence of religious images, and argue that this can be interpreted as a measure of the strength of religiosity. More religious individuals trust others more and reciprocate more than others, with effect sizes between 14% and 21% of mean behaviour depending on the measure. They do not reciprocate more in the presence of religious images than without them, nor towards members of the same denomination as themselves. The results support the view that religious affiliation is correlated with intrinsic trustworthiness. We show that lab behaviour correlates with intuitive measures of religiosity outside the lab and with participation in borrowing and lending networks.     

Strategic entry and externalities in groundwater resources: Evidence from the lab

This study uses economics experiments to extend the literature on common-pool resources by focusing on entry investment behavior in a stylized, spatially explicit aquifer. The model consists of a two-stage game, where participants make an entry decision in the first stage and, if they choose to enter, decide how much resource to extract in the second stage. Results show that entry behavior and groundwater pumping decisions are significantly affected by the underlying spatial externalities of the resource. In instances where the impacts of groundwater use are spread across all resource users, we observe both a greater number of users choosing to use the resource and a higher intensity of use. The results support expectations from the model that groundwater management policies should focus on entry in addition to decisions related to the volume of pumping. The results also discern the interplay of entry with both hydrogeologic characteristics of the resource and the option to exit and reveal that the option to exit increases the intensity of extraction as well as initial entry rates.     

Success in soccer and economic performance: Evidence from beŞİktaŞ-Turkey

This paper investigates the connection between Turkish industrial production growth and the success of Beşiktaş, which is a popular Turkish soccer team. The empirical evidence provided in the paper suggests that industrial production growth tends to increase with the success of Beşiktaş in European cups. Moreover, if the winnings are in displacement, the increase in industrial production is higher than if the winnings are in the home field. On the other hand, findings on the effects of domestic games on industrial performance are not statistically significant. All the views expressed in this paper belong to the authors and do not represent the views of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey or its staff. Beşiktaş, established in 1903, is one of the most popular soccer teams in Turkey. Detailed information about the team can be reached at http://www.besiktasjk.com     

比较优势战略理论新证

竞争优势理论的追随者往往将比较优势与竞争优势两个范畴对立起来,或者干脆使用竞争优势理论来否定比较优势理论.林毅夫先生在指出对这两种理论相互关系的上述理解是错误的、主张竞争优势的建立离不开比较优势发挥的基础上,提出了经济发展的比较优势战略理论,引起了广泛的讨论.本文尝试通过新兴古典的超边际分析,论证了促进国际贸易的良性发展离不开比较优势的充分发挥,同时也为林毅夫先生的观点提供了佐证.     

工资决定理论:古典经济学与现代经济学的比较

工资决定或工资生成一直是经济学关注的热门话题。从历史演进过程看,先后出现了以配第和斯密等为代表的古典经济学的工资决定理论及流派众多的现代经济学的工资决定理论。本文概述了有代表性的古典经济学的工资决定理论及现代经济学的工资决定理论,简介了其产生背景和核心内容,并在此基础上从三个维度比较了两种工资理论的异同,提出了对探索和完善企业工资决定机制可资借鉴的几点启示。     

公共资源与社会信任:以义务教育为例

已有文献表明,社会信任对于一国的经济社会发展具有重要意义。但是,近年来我国居民的社会信任水平一直处于较低水平,引起了学界的广泛关注。与以往解释不同,我们首次尝试从公共资源的匮乏及对其争夺的角度来解释此现象。以义务教育为例,我们使用2003年和2010年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,对此问题进行了详细分析。研究结果表明,公共资源供给不足会导致人们之间的不信任程度加剧,且对于争夺中处于较弱势地位的群体来说这种效应表现得更为明显。这表明,提高公共资源的供给水平,完善公共资源的分配规则以解决教育难等民生问题,是提升我国居民社会信任水平,特别是提升弱势群体的社会信任水平的有效途径。     

关于信任的博弈分析——基于个体的自利理性和社会理性

信任的根本在于不完全信息和有限理性,信任是个体弥补自己理性不足的一种策略.所以,信任分析无法在个体的自利理性下完成,需要扩展个体理性的范畴.将个体理性扩展为自利理性和社会理性,利用理性的这种二元特性,重新解释了两个具有代表性的博弈模型--蜈蚣博弈和信任博弈.这不但对信任问题提出了一种新的分析框架,而且还解决了博弈分析的困境.这说明,对个体理性的扩展是合适的,个体的社会理性是经济学不可忽视的一部分.