银行关系、政治关联与上市公司银行贷款的可获得性——基于我国上市公司的实证分析

以2001—2011年我国2373家上市公司为研究样本,检验了政治关联和银行关系对其银行贷款可获得性的影响。研究结果显示:对于所有的上市企业而言,政治关联和银行关系均有助于增强其银行贷款的可获得性,但同时具有两种关系反而不利于企业获得银行贷款;对于国有企业而言,建立政治关联或银行关系均有利于其获得长期贷款,但对短期贷款的获得没有显著影响;对于民营企业而言,政治关联有利于其获得长期借款,银行关系能显著增强其获得短期贷款的能力。     

民营上市公司“出身”、政治关系与债务融资

民营企业的政治关系作为一种有效的外部履约机制的替代,能够在一定程度上改善银企关系,缓解民营企业的融资约束。本文以2005～2009年的民营上市公司为样本,从民营上市公司的出身及在企业面临金融危机的条件入手,分析了民营上市公司的政治关系对融资的影响。研究发现,政治关系对民营上市公司的融资影响更多是体现在直接上市的民营公司上,有政治关系的直接上市的民营公司不仅能获得更多的融资,而且降低了银行对其融资的盈利要求。发生金融危机后,银行对企业融资的资产抵押要求更高,有政治关系的直接上市的民营公司更容易取得银行的支持,获得银行借款。本文的研究有助于理解企业政治关系对企业行为的影响。     

银行关系、政治关联与信贷资源配置效率——基于我国上市公司的实证分析

我们以2003—2013年我国沪深两市2330家上市公司为样本,研究上市公司借助政治关联和银行关系获得融资便利后的经济后果以及是否会有过度投资现象。研究表明,对于所有上市公司,建立政治关联会导致企业的过度投资,而银行关系则不会。在国有企业中,两种关系对上市公司的贷款违约率均没有显著影响;而在民营企业中,政治关联能有效地降低银行贷款的违约率,而银行关系对此无显著影响。     

我国农业上市公司的政治关联与融资便利性

本文以社会资本理论为切入点，实证分析政治关联对我国农业上市公司获取银行信贷融资及其期限结构的影响。以1996—2010年间在沪深两地上市的农业企业为样本，以董事长是否现在或曾经担任政府官员、人大代表、政协委员来判断政治关联。检验结果发现，农业上市公司的政治关联与银行贷款数量显著正相关；政治关联所带来的融资便利性，更多表现为获取银行的短期贷款。研究表明，政治关联作为一种特殊的社会资本，能够作为非正式制度帮助农业企业获得银行信贷支持。     

政治关联、银行关系与财务困境恢复——基于中国ST上市公司的经验研究

笔者以中国2002-2010年沪深A股的非金融类ST上市公司为样本,实证检验了政治关联、银行关系对财务困境公司获得银行贷款以及摆脱财务困境的影响.研究结果显示,财务困境公司的银行关系能显著地帮助其获得银行贷款,而政治关联对其获得银行贷款的效果不显著.进一步研究发现,政治关联和银行关系都能有助于ST公司摆脱财务困境,但这种影响却因企业性质而存在差异,对于国有困境企业来说,仅有政治关联帮助公司摆脱财务困境的效果显著,而对于非国有企业来说,银行关系相对于政治关联是一种更普遍和有效的非正式关系.     

民营企业政治联系、金融危机与银行贷款

本文以我国民营上市公司为样本,考察民营上市公司政治联系对银行贷款行为的影响。实证研究结果发现,有政治联系的民营企业比无政治联系的民营企业具有更高的财务杠杆,能获得更长期且条件更优惠的银行贷款。而且,在金融危机时期,有政治联系的民营企业更有可能因为承担了政策性负担而使得这种贷款效应更为显著。本文研究结果从银行信贷决策的角度为民营企业建立政治联系提供了一种解释。     

银企联盟供应链对中小企业财务的监控

作为一种能够使供应链中小企业获得有效银行贷款的供应链融资模式,银企联盟供应链的做法是核心企业通过与合作银行组建银企战略联盟,使合作银行成为供应链成员,然后通过核心企业与其他中小企业的供应链关系,组成有银行参与其中的一个新型的供应链模式。银行与核心企业组建的银企战略联盟,     

中小民营企业融资创新研究：融资路径依赖与内生性契约构建

中小民营企业融资难问题的实质是中小民营企业不能在较高层次的货币市场和资本市场上如愿地获得资金支持。目前解决中小民营企业融资难问题的关键在于,创新金融制度安排,构建一种能够使外部投资者与中小民营企业建立起横向信用联系的内生性融资契约。在我国既有的金融契约框架下,通过适当的融资结构设计和制度安排,信托私募融资能够最小化中小民营企业融资的代理成本和信息成本,从而使中小民营企业能够沿着既有的融资路径有效地获得所需的资金。     

所有制、政治关联与企业超额信贷

关于政治关联的文献中,都提及了政治关联能够为寻求政治关联的组织带来额外的资源,这种资源大多直接表现为经济上的好处。但这些研究并未触及政治关联的效率边界问题。本文以我国2007-2010年A股上市公司为样本,实证检验政治关联对企业信贷融资的影响。研究发现:在我国银行业普遍"惜贷"的局面下,某些上市公司依然取得了银行的超额信贷支持;获得超额信贷支持的大多是国有企业,并且高管的政治背景以及企业对地方经济的影响力强化了国有企业超额贷款的形成;某些民营企业尽管也得到了超额银行贷款,但起主要作用的是银行关系,而非政治关联。此外,金融业的市场化改革对抑制国有企业的超贷行为基本上不起作用,却显著地抑制了民营企业超额贷款的形成。     

社会信任环境与民营企业债务融资研究冰——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文基于社会嵌入性理论的研究视角,以民营上市公司为研究样本,考察了社会信任资本的银行贷款效应并探讨了社会信任不足的民营企业面临银行贷款困境下的替代性融资选择。本研究突破了以往融资理论“社会零嵌入”的不足。关注非经济制度和非正式制度对企业融资行为的影响,拓展了以往融资理论的研究视野,研究结论表明,当前我国转轨经济背景下社会资本等非正式制度与机制对企业非常重要。     

Bank loans vs. trade credit

Using a World Bank dataset of Chinese firms, we investigate the relative importance of bank loans and trade credit in promoting firm performance. To deal with possible endogeneity issues, we employ distinct and separable instrumental variables for bank loans and trade credit. We find that access to bank loans is central to improving firm performance and growth, while the availability of trade credit is much less important. Our results suggest that trade credit cannot effectively substitute for bank loans. Overall, our findings suggest the need for further development of China's formal financial institutions, which would enable the non‐state sector to grow much faster than it has grown in recent decades.     

Financing R&D in Chinese private firms: Business associations or political connection?

Using a new and unique dataset of Chinese private firms, this paper explores how private firms access bank loans to finance innovative activities. The results reveal that political connection, rather than membership in a government-controlled business association, largely determines private firms' innovations by providing access to bank loans. Furthermore, the “grease-the-wheels” mechanism of political connection is stronger if the firms are more constrained financially, located in regions with low levels of financial development, or located in regions with relatively under-developed institutional environments. Finally, cash flow, used to measure internal financing, and trade credit, used to measure informal financing, are important alternative financing channels and support firms' R&D investments. Our paper implies that China's government needs to continue fostering a good financing environment and supporting innovation activities.     

Bank loan supply shocks and leverage adjustment

We investigate the effect of bank loan supply shocks on firms’ leverage adjustment. We show that the impact of bank shocks is larger for firms with greater dependence on financially troubled banks. We measure firms’ pre-crisis loan dependence on troubled banks by using matched firm–bank loan data. Using the boom-bust cycle from 1987 to 2014 in Japan as a quasi-experiment, we find that financially constrained firms adjust their leverage slower during credit-crunch periods than during other periods. During credit-crunch periods following banking crisis, firms associated with failing banks or with banks that have a limited capacity to supply loans show a slower adjustment than other firms. Bank shocks have significant effects on small firms’ adjustment but not on that of large firms. These results are robust when we consider demand-side effects and perform other robustness tests. Our results imply that bank shocks have a persistent effect on borrowers’ leverage.     

银行风险、贷款规模与法律保护水平

本文根据更加全面的中国银行业数据,首先研究了法律保护水平和银行风险(Z值)之间的关系;其次,分析了影响银行风险的中间途径,研究了法律保护水平和贷款规模之间的关系;最后,对法律保护水平和银行风险(Z值)各组成部分之间的关系进行了讨论。研究发现,法律保护水平越高(尤其是对知识产权的保护),银行信贷规模越大,银行经营业绩也越高,但银行的资本充足率较低,最终导致银行风险上升(Z值较低)。本文结论说明:法律制度的建设和完善以及加强对银行资本的监管等具有重要意义。     

我国银行信贷与房地产价格关系研究

文章对银行信贷与房地产价格之间的互动关系进行了完整的作用机制分析,并使用更细致和精确的数据建立VAR模型进行了实证研究。研究发现,银行信贷扩张与房地产价格上涨具有明显的相互推动和加强的作用。具体而言,房地产开发商贷款和个人购房贷款对房价都具有显著的正向影响,同时对来自房价冲击的响应也都是正向的。并且,在房价持续高速上升时期,房地产贷款规模对房价的影响力明显超过贷款利率。     

Bank versus nonbank financial institution lending behaviour: indictors of firm size,risk or ownership?

Using 1251 matched commercial loan deal terms of listed companies over the period 2003–2014, we examine the heterogeneity of lending behaviours of bank and nonbank financial institutions. The results show that large firms have a higher likelihood of getting loans from nonbank financial institutions. Compared to banks, nonbank financial institutions are more likely to provide credit help to high operation risk firms. State-owned listed firms have a higher probability to get finance from nonbank financial institutions than private firms, which highlights the situation that private firms are in a weak position to get credit help from China’s financial system. Moreover, the process of increasing the banks’ noninterest income ratio tends to drives firms to borrow from nonbank financial institutions.     

Pursuing efficiency while maintaining outreach: Bank privatization in Tanzania

Profitability improvements after the privatization of a large state-owned bank might come at the expense of reduced access to financial services for some groups, especially the rural poor. The privatization of Tanzania's National Bank of Commerce provides a unique episode for studying this issue. The bank was split into the “new” National Bank of Commerce, a commercial bank that assumed most of the original bank's assets and liabilities, and the National Microfinance Bank, which assumed most of the branch network and the mandate to foster access to financial services. The new National Bank of Commerce's profitability and portfolio quality improved although credit growth was slow, in line with the privatization experiences in other developing countries. Finding a buyer for the National Microfinance Bank proved very difficult, although after years under contract management by private banking consultants, Rabobank of the Netherlands emerged as a purchaser. Profitability has since improved and lending has slowly grown, while the share of non-performing loans remains low.     

Property rights protection and access to bank loans

Poor protection of private property has limited the access to bank loans by private enterprises in developing and transition economies. Under those circumstances, private entrepreneurs have resorted to various ways of enhancing the de facto protection of private property. Using a dataset of 3,073 private enterprises in China, this paper empirically investigates the impact of political participation and philanthropic activities – informal substitutes for the lack of formal protection of private property – on the access to bank loans.