信用证项下软条款及其产生的再思考北大核心

信用证（L/C）已经成为国际贸易中的一种主要的付款方式。与汇款（Remittance）和托收（Collection）相比,是国际贸易较为安全的结算方式。由于有银行信誉（banker’s credit）的存在,信用证结算激发了买卖双方交易的积极性,有效地保障了交易各方的利益。     

谈买卖合同与信用证

信用证作为国际贸易中常用的一种结算方式，以银行信用代替了商业信用。在出口商提交与信用证相符的单据情况F，银行即负责付款。然而在外贸实务中，以信用证为结算方式而不能安全收汇的亦不乏其例。因此，搞清楚信用证交易涉及三方基本当事人，即开证申请入（买方）、开证行、受益人（卖方）间的关系，对于正确妥当地处理信用证与买卖合同，减少出口贸易风险，具有一定的指导作用。在国际货物买卖合同中，买卖合同对买卖双方均具有约束力，买方与卖方的法律关系由双方间的买卖合同规定。由于双方在合同中约定以信用证方式付款，买方、卖方…     

国际贸易中信用证支付方式的风险及对策

国际贸易中的结算方式主要包括信用证、汇付、托收和银行保函等。其中,信用证支付方式因其兼顾买卖双方在交易中的同等地位和利益而被广泛采用。针对信用证支付方式下买卖双方在国际贸易中所存在的风险进行了分析和研究,并分别从出口商和进口商两个角度提出对策建议。     

第三方互联网支付的现状与风险问题

第三方互联网支付是在银行监管下,保障交易双方利益的独立机构,是买卖双方在交易过程中的资金“中间平台”,有利于消费者进行快速、便捷支付。基于此,本文通过分析第三方互联网支付的现状及存在的风险,有针对性提出了几点完善建议,以期促进第三方互联网支付平台的良性健康发展。     

基于进出口商的信用证风险及防范研究

因其安全性和独立性,信用证占据着国际贸易结算的主导地位,但采取信用证结算方式仍然存在一定风险.信用证结算方式通常涉及三方当事人:申请人(进口商)、开证行、受益人(出口商).本文分析了三方当事人中的进出口商在信用证业务中各自面临的典型风险,并针对各类风险提出了防范措施.     

权利与义务模糊不得

国际贸易的过程必然涉及到买卖双方的买卖台同，买卖双方与第三方承运方的运输合同，买卖双方与银行之间的国际支付与结算。因此．对国际贸易中买卖双方之间的权利和义务关系加以注意和明确就显得非常必要。     

浅谈信用证的风险及其防范

国际贸易中,国际贷款的支付方式主要有汇付、托收和信用证这三种。由于信用证支付方式给进口方和出口方增加了一层银行的保险并且解决了买卖双方互不信任的矛盾,这种支付方式已成为国际贸易结算中被广泛使用的最为重要的一种支付方式。但我们都知道,一种支付方式能被如此广泛、长久的应用,就必然有些“钻空子”的人出现,这些人的做法使信用证的使用中充斥着风险,对国际贸易的顺利进行产生严重干扰。本文将对这些风险作一个汇总,并针对不同风险阐述其防范措施。     

浅谈外经企业银行保函的财务筹划

银行保函（Banker’s Letter of Guarantee L／G），是指银行应某项基础交易合同一方当事人（即申请人）的申请，以银行自身信用向合同另一方当事人（即保函受益人）为担保该项合同项下的某种责任或义务的履行而做出的具有一定金额、一定期限、承担某种支付责任或赔偿责任的书面付款保证的承诺。     

UCP600下信用证主要当事人风险分析

信用证,作为一种以银行信用为基础的贸易结算工具,相对其他结算方式来说对进出口交易买卖双方当事人比较有保障,在国际贸易中被广泛采用,在国际结算中也占有非常重要的地位。一提到信用证中各个主要当事人的风险,人们很自然就会想到风险最大的会是开证行,因为其承担了第一性的付款责任。为此,通过对信用证各有关当事人及其他们的风险分析,指出在整个信用证的流程中,各主要当事人之间环环相扣又各得其所,他们之间的风险分摊机制非常合理。     

浅谈信用证结算方式的欺诈及风险防范

信用证是现阶段较为常见的国际贸易结算方式,本文主要研究国际经济交往中信用证结算方式的常见的开证申请人欺诈、受益人欺诈、开证申请人与受益人共同欺诈及从开证申请人、受益人和银行三方考虑风险防范,对保证国际贸易的正常进行具有十分重要的现实意义。     

出口商在信用证支付方式下的风险及防范

在国际贸易支付方式中,跟单信用证支付方式一直被视为较为安全的支付方式,但是信用证只能说是比较完善的一种支付方式,它并不能完全排除买卖双方的风险。本文指出信用证支付方式下出口商的风险,并提出相应的防范措施。     

承兑信用证对进口商的潜在风险及其防范对策

文章通过剖析国内实际业务中发生的一则出口商利用虚假单据骗取开证行已承兑汇票,并将其有效转让给第三者的贴现“融资”案例,提醒进口商严防承兑信用证的潜在风险,以尽早制定防范对策。尤其在可能的情况下,进口商应该开出延期付款信用证,来取代承兑信用证的使用。     

Emic and etic interpretations of engagement with a consumer-to-consumer online auction site

This paper provides emic and etic interpretations of engagement with a consumer-to-consumer (C2C) online auction site, based on in-depth interviews with buyers. The study exposes three misconceptions about online C2C auctions; that the interaction between parties occurs exclusively online, that the relation between buyers and sellers is purely transactional in nature, and that the interaction between buyers and sellers does not lead to ongoing business relationships. The paper reveals the utilitarian, hedonic and social benefits that are the bases of engagement with the auction site. Social benefits materialize for auction buyers during offline exchanges. The paper also reveals marketer incentives and structural disincentives for consumers' ongoing use of the auction site.     

试析各种支付方式相结合在国际贸易中的应用

各种支付方式结合使用是国际结算的新趋势，其主要形式有三种，即汇付与信用证、付款交单与预付款以及跟单托收与信用证结合使用，通过采用上述结合方式，进出口商克服了单一支付方式的缺陷和控制交易风险与降低交易成本，进出口商应不限于对单一方式的选用，应适当扩大对结合方式的使用。     

如何防范敏感性商品在空运方式下的信用证风险

在一般贸易中,受某种特定因素的影响,使得某种普通商品由于供求关系发生变化变成敏感性商品。由于该类商品价格受特定的因素和供求关系变化的影响较大,价格极不稳定,容易给买卖双方带来较大利益和损失。本文正是从该类商品在一般贸易中的空运方式和信用证付款条件下,通过具体案例进行分析有哪些风险及其防范措施。     

我国网络支付平台下买卖双方利益保护机制研究

互联网交易存在着信用、法律、技术和安全等方面的风险,通过建立第三方网络支付平台可以减少这方面的风险,可以在诚信、支付和物流方面对买卖双方的利益进行保护。但我国目前第三方网络支付平台的建设还存在着监管不足、与银行合作不理想、自身缺乏统一性和规范性、账务管理能力和平台稳定性不高、收费混乱等问题,解决这些问题既要从政府、银行等外部环境入手,更应重视平台自身制度的建设和完善,提高平台的公信度,对商家和消费者的利益进行切实的保护。     

You get what you give: theory and evidence of reciprocity in the sharing economy

We develop an analytical framework of peer interaction in the sharing economy that incorporates reciprocity, the tendency to increase (decrease) effort in response to others’ increased (decreased) effort. In our model, buyers (sellers) can induce sellers (buyers) to exert more effort by behaving well themselves. We demonstrate that this joint increased effort can improve the utility of both parties and influence the market equilibrium. We also show that bilateral reputation systems, which allow both buyers and sellers to review each other, are more responsive to reciprocity than unilateral reputation systems. By rewarding reciprocal behavior, bilateral reputation systems generate trust among strangers and informally regulate their behavior. We test the predictions of our model using data from Airbnb, a popular peer-to-peer accommodation platform. We show that Airbnb hosts that are more reciprocal receive higher ratings and that higher rated hosts can increase their prices. Therefore, reciprocity affects equilibrium prices on Airbnb through its impact on ratings, as predicted by our analytical framework.     

Objective measures as a predictor of late payments by high‐risk borrowers

Manufactured homes (also known outside the US as prefabricated homes) are a viable housing option for low‐income buyers, but traditional mortgages are not available for purchase of manufactured homes because of a perception of higher risk of default among purchasers of manufactured homes. Research suggests that creditscoring models which incorporate objective data such as income, debt‐to‐income ratio and credit history result in an accurate and objective predictive tool to estimate likelihood of late payments and default among traditional home buyers. This study showed that these same models can be applied similarly to purchasers of manufactured homes. A Tobit model was developed to evaluate which factors most accurately predict default and late payment behaviour among borrowers who purchased a manufactured home. The model showed that when decomposed into the probability of making a late payment and number of late payments, credit score and income are both significant predictors in both sets of borrowers of both the probability of making a late payment and the number of late payments. The higher the credit score, the less likely the borrower is to make a late payment.     

Mobile Commerce

Abstract

To Business-to-Consumer (B2C) companies, finding convenient and secure payment methods is crucial. While the most popular payment method in the United States is the credit card, the common methods in Japan are cash on delivery, transfer of payment into bank accounts, and postal money order. The paper presents such issues as why credit card payments have not become the mainstream payment method in Japan, the current situation of other payment methods, and the future mobile trend.     

Protocols for automated negotiations with buyer anonymity and seller reputations

In many Internet commerce applications buyers can easily achieve anonymity, limiting what a seller can learn about any buyer individually. However, because sellers need to keep a fixed web address, buyers can probe them repeatedly or pool their information about sellers with the information obtained by other buyers; hence, sellers' strategies become public knowledge. Under assumptions of buyer anonymity, publicly‐known seller strategies, and no negotiation transaction costs for buyers, we find that take‐it‐or‐leave‐it offers will yield at least as much seller profit as any attempt at price discrimination could yield. As we relax those assumptions, however, we find that sellers, and in some cases buyers as well, may benefit from a more general bargaining protocol. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.