中国企业国际采购的阶段模型

企业国际采购在向战略型全球采购发展的过程中会经历不同的阶段.为更加全面地对中国企业国际采购阶段进行分析,应结合中国企业实际,从企业国际采购的利益、企业国际采购面临的挑战、企业国际采购的能力三个维度出发,将中国企业国际采购的发展划分为基于需求的被动型海外采购阶段、有选择的主动型国际采购阶段、国际采购的战略阶段、协调与整合的全球采购阶段等四大阶段.中国企业在国际采购的初级阶段不是为了追求低成本,而是更看重海外供应的高质量和高技术.中国企业国际采购初级阶段的利益是企业战略的低层次利益,比较容易实现,在国际采购中面临的障碍主要是硬性成本和外部障碍.而随着企业在全球化竞争中不断走向成熟,国际采购越来越追求多样化的战略利益,软性成本和内部障碍矛盾更为明显,国际采购资源挑选技能不断提高,逐渐具备全球采购能力.     

中国企业国际采购为何总挨“宰”

在人们为中国经济发展自豪之余，不得不面对的一个现实是，2004年我国企业在国际市场的采购中频频挨“宰”，中国企业成为国际机构的“猎物”和“盘中餐”。     

国际采购新门槛

在经济全球化的今天,跨国公司和国际采购组织的触角正加速向中国市场延伸,吸引了众多中国企业参与竞争。作为跨国公司全球战略改变的重要一环,实现从供应链管理获取利润的目标,全球采购将帮助跨国公司有效地降低成本,增强其综合竞争力。在可以预见的未来,跨国公司在中国的采购将进一步增强：一部分没有设立采购中心的将设立采购中心,另一部分已经设立采购中心的将加速其采购规模和效率。     

中国企业国际采购发展阶段特征的案例分析

随着中国企业国际化的发展,国际采购必将为中国企业国际竞争力的提高与可持续发展作出越来越重要的贡献。国际采购不仅是企业的运作职能,更是企业的战略职能。运作层次国际采购向战略层次国际采购的发展可以划分为不同阶段。本文采用案例研究方法对不同阶段中国企业国际采购的特征进行实证分析。研究结果表明,中国企业国际采购发展的初级阶段主要是追求海外供应的高质量和高技术,随着国际采购阶段的深入,中国企业国际采购能力建设将更为完善,将追求更为多样化的战略利益。中国企业国际采购所面临的硬性成本与外部障碍的重要性下降,软性成本和内部障碍越来越重要。对于国际采购发展程度较高的企业,内部障碍对企业国际采购能力建设提出了更高的要求。但软性成本的阶段性特征表现得不明显,文化与商业习惯差异是比较普遍的软性成本,其他软性成本类型主要与企业特征或行业类型有关。     

企业国际采购的战略选择研究

企业国际采购是一个跨领域的议题,可以从很多角度进行分析。本文在分析国际采购概念的基础上,论述了国际采购对于企业的战略意义—有助于推动企业国际化;能够提高企业的竞争力。根据资源基础理论,国际采购通过资源挑选机制和能力建设机制创造企业租。相对于资源挑选机制,能力建设机制更具有战略意义。国际采购的能力建设也就是形成企业的全球采购能力,可以从供应链管理的视角,具体建设战略性全球采购的能力。     

国际采购研究评述

本文对国际采购的相关研究进行了整理和分析,将其主要分为四大类:国际采购的内涵与产生的原因、国际采购中存在的风险与相应对策、针对具体商品的国际采购研究及国际采购发展趋势、总结了现有研究的不足和今后的研究方向。     

中国企业如何分切国际采购大蛋糕

联合国采购的大蛋糕 2004年,联合国在中国直接采购的金额占联合国总采购金额的0.51%;2005年这一比例则为1.01%;到了2006年,联合国在中国直接采购的金额只有约8870万美元,下降到0.94%.     

采购新模式提升企业竞争力

“同样一条地毯，现在出口到国外利润不到10％，拿到网上去销售，利润超过30％。”义乌轩臣地毯有限公司总经理吴轩说，“出口形势变化了，电子商务给了我信心。”     

国际银团贷款争议与国际商事仲裁的勃兴

国际银团贷款争议的解决长期倾向于跨国诉讼,近年来却倾向于国际商事仲裁,其原因有多种,值得注意。国际银团贷款争议诉诸国际商事仲裁的前提是仲裁协议的有效性,国际银团贷款争议的国际商事仲裁的程序适用普通的国际商事仲裁程序,但要注意一些电子文本的法律效力。国际银团贷款争议如在我国选择中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会按其《金融争议仲裁规则》仲裁要认识到其特殊性。国际银团贷款争议的解决方式并不一概排斥诉讼,而且仰赖于司法监督。     

Useful Web Sites for International Business Communication Education

Abstract

The World Wide Web presents many opportunities for improving the instructional quality of international business communication related classes by providing access to a large variety of information sources. These sources can be used as supplements to traditional texts, as the basis for specific program assignments, or even as the main focus of a course. An especially useful aspect of these sites is that they can improve information recency and depth when compared with sole reliance on traditional texts. Unfortunately, the sheer quantity of available Web pages can make it difficult to find appropriate sites for a given international business communication topic. To assist educators in locating such relevant sites, we offer summaries and addresses for pages in some of the major areas of international business communication. These selections were chosen both for their relevance to international business communication training and evaluation by Cornell's suggested quality criteria. The article concludes with a discussion of potential applications, problems, and implications for web based international business communication instruction.     

浅析国际分销中的进出口业务

国际分销中涉及到进出口业务,尽管进出口业务存在着一些差别,但进出口业务中有很多业务基本上是相同的。这就要求企业应熟悉进出口单证、货运和销售条件、收付货款、包装和标识等主要的进出口业务,以便对进出口业务进行有效的管理。     

Strategically Assessing International Business Course-Specific Learning Aims

Abstract

During the past 30 years, there have been calls for universities and business schools to internationalize curriculum, students and faculty. As most U.S. business schools have added international components to their respective programs, the assessment of these programs was subsequently recommended from accreditation and competitive perspectives. To sustain competitiveness, business schools must expand their program assessment activities and rigorously conduct assessment at the course level as well. We propose a model of international business course assessment that links learning aims to delivery methods and reviews two separate approaches based on that model.     

文化差异对国际商务活动的影响

在国际商务活动中,文化对于商务活动的各个方面都有着直接的影响。因为世界各国在文化方面差异很大。如时间观、权力和决策、法律的意见、关系网等,所以在商务活动中只有了解了对方的文化,才能使国际商务活动顺利地进行。     

Influence of International Trade Agreements on International Business: A Conceptual Model

The article provides a conceptual model, developed from analyzing over fifty trade agreement related research studies published during the last decade, which allows international business scholars to explore the influence of trade agreements (custom unions, free trade agreements, preferential trade agreements, regional trade agreements) on foreign market entry strategies. This model is an attempt to develop IB theory to address the current research gap in this very narrow but important allied field. Empirical findings generated by interviewing dairy produce exporters in New Zealand reveal a remarkable connection between TAs and IB, with TAs found to influence the regulative environment of participating countries, which may in turn reduce the regulative distance between member nations. The contribution provides a basis for IB researchers to explore this connection in multiple industries/countries.     

Using International Virtual Teams in the Business Classroom

Abstract

Given the growing use of virtual interaction in international business activities, business schools must provide students with experiential learning opportunities that prepare them to work in virtual organizations. This paper uses multiple case study methodology with analysis at the transaction level to analyze the dynamics of the virtual teams, and to compare international and domestic virtual team behavior. The paper also identifies the challenges of implementing international virtual teams for teaching international business and provides practical advice for faculty.     

Toward a Model for International Business Ethics

This paper briefly examines the topic of business ethics and attempts to suggest a code of ethics for multinational firms. While most companies have basic policies on employee integrity, confidentiality and sexual harassment, relatively few have established policies regarding bribery, exploitive child labor, human rights violations and other issues they may encounter in the global market place (Drake, 1998). Until recently, very few companies had truly global operations. Consequently little attention was paid to the issue of ethical guidelines in a global context. Recent changes in international markets have led to an explosion of corporations with global operations, and the need for a global code of ethics has grown commensurately. In this paper we explore the issue of global business ethics and attempt to provide a framework for future discussion. We also examine some of the unique difficulties surrounding the development of any set of global business standards. Key among these difficulties is the issue of competing ethical values in home and host countries.     

Bribery in International Business in Post-Soviet Union Countries

Data from 1996 to 2016 on perceived levels of bribe taking in 15 post-Soviet Union countries indicate three distinct groups—Russia and seven contiguous countries are most prone to bribe taking, a set of four countries in the southwest less so, and the three Baltic nations are the least corrupt. Public officials in countries that have high economic freedom and human development, are democracies, and proactively adhere to global anti-bribery treaties are less likely to take bribes. The findings show that despite a common recent history, the countries have evolved differently following the breakup. Implications for international businesses are discussed.