共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
Peter Cartwright 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2007,30(1):1-20
Criminal law is perhaps society’s strongest technique of formal censure. By labelling an activity as “criminal” we attach
to it a special stigma. Despite this, the United Kingdom (UK) has a long history of criminalising conduct that lacks the seriousness
we might expect that label to involve. One area where criminal sanctions have been commonly used in the UK is consumer protection.
This article argues that it is time to reconsider the role of criminal law in consumer protection and considers how alternative
regimes may better-protect the consumer from business wrongdoing.
相似文献
Peter CartwrightEmail: |
2.
The authors review the foundation for incorporating market concentration directly into consumer utility functions, and develop
a general equilibrium model to derive welfare-maximizing principles for optimal enforcement of antitrust policies toward concentrated
market structures, including merger policy. An intriguing result is that increased market concentration can fail to maximize
economic welfare even if a proposed merger might generate positive net efficiencies.
相似文献
Norman P. ObstEmail: |
3.
Jens Schovsbo 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2008,31(4):393-408
Until recently consumers and consumer-interests have been virtually absent not only from the rules of copyright but also from
copyright’s discourse. This has been so even though the combination of an expansion of copyright and a devaluation of the
internal balancing mechanisms raise concern from a consumer perspective. There would, therefore, seem to be a need to incorporate
a consumer perspective into copyright analysis. To integrate consumer interests in copyright law, this study recommends action
aimed at two levels. On the general level it is suggested to rebalance copyright in order to recognize the interests of users
on the same level as right holders. On the concrete level it is suggested to change the limitations found in copyright to
ease access to reuse elements of previous works. It is also proposed to reinforce the rule on private copying and to consider
measures to secure access to basic information.
相似文献
Jens SchovsboEmail: |
4.
Download of Copyright-Protected Internet Content and the Role of (Consumer) Contract Law 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Peter Rott 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2008,31(4):441-457
The software, music, and movie industries keep suggesting to consumers that if they copy digital contents they may find themselves
in jail. Moreover, horrifying damage claims are in the air. The problem with these scenarios is, amongst others, that it is
difficult to understand for consumers where their rights end and where illegal use of content begins. This article focuses
on the contractual relationship between online content providers and consumers. It explores relevant consumer law issues and
lays open the legal uncertainties of the current regimes at the European Community (EC) and national level. The article then
looks at current ideas put forward by the Commission on how to regulate internet consumer law. It concludes that a sector-specific
i-consumer contract law should be introduced and offers proposals related to its possible content.
相似文献
Peter RottEmail: |
5.
Rodolfo Vázquez-Casielles Ana Belén del Río-Lanza Ana María Díaz-Martín 《Marketing Letters》2007,18(4):249-264
The conceptual model developed in this paper for the airline industry examines the relationship between quality of past service
performance and consumers’ responses to service failures (causal attributions, emotions and satisfaction). The empirical results
obtained indicate that for those consumers with higher perceptions of quality the causes underlying service failures are seen
as less stable and less controllable by the firm than the causes identified by consumers with lower perceptions of quality.
Attributions about the failure not only influence satisfaction directly but also moderate the effect of quality on satisfaction.
We also analyse the mediating effect of negative emotions on the relationship between service failure attributions and consumer
satisfaction.
相似文献
Ana Belén del Río-LanzaEmail: |
6.
As consumer use of information and communication technology (ICT) products grows, the importance of ICT standards in consumer
markets also grows. While standards for manufactured products were once developed at the national level in formal standards
bodies, standards for ICT products today are more likely to be developed by informal standards bodies that target global markets,
creating new challenges for national consumer protection laws. As part of the process of creating a single market, the EU
developed an innovative and successful form of “coregulation” known as the “New Approach” that coordinated the work of legislators
and standards developers to reduce technical barriers to trade in the internal market. In order to protect consumer interests
in markets for ICT products effectively, another “New Approach” is needed to coordinate the work of global ICT standard-developing
organizations with the goals of national and regional consumer protection laws, but the institutional challenges facing such
a strategy are daunting. The French DADVSI legislation represents progress in this direction; further progress may be possible
by adopting “better regulation” strategies.
相似文献
Nicolas JondetEmail: |
7.
The study investigates how an organization’s entrepreneurial orientation moderates the interplay between market orientation
and marketing subunit influence on firm performance. The hypothesized model predicts that the positive interaction between
market orientation and marketing subunit influence has a weaker effect on firm performance under conditions of high entrepreneurial
orientation. The regression and supplementary analyses provide support for most predictions and, most importantly, for a negative
three-way interaction effect: At higher levels of entrepreneurial orientation, the positive moderating effect of marketing
subunit influence on the market orientation–business performance relationship is reduced. The authors discuss the managerial
and theoretical implications of their findings and provide a number of directions for further research.
相似文献
Seigyoung AuhEmail: |
8.
Demographic changes, tight public budgets, and reduced generosity of occupational pension plans shift the responsibility for
an adequate retirement provision towards the individual. Applying the theoretical perspectives of Behavioural Finance and
New Institutionalism to the domain of retirement provision offers insights into the difficulties individuals are facing in
planning for retirement, carrying out, and revising plans. Lacking financial literacy seems to lie at the heart of the problem
and points to a possible solution: providing financial education to consumers through non-governmental organizations and state-related
agencies. This article is examining which role consumer education and consumer advice can play to enhance financial literacy
with regard to pensions and old-age provision. As two case studies Germany and the UK are compared because the institutional
set-up of the pension systems and the approaches towards consumer policy are very different. The case studies show that financial
education with regard to old-age provision can be successful if it reaches consumers in their environment at life-stages where
important decisions need to be made. To achieve that considerable efforts have to be taken in terms of funding and organizational
set-up. However, evaluation is necessary to prove the effectiveness of the education especially for vulnerable consumer groups.
If evaluation reveals that these groups cannot be targeted effectively or that consumers are not taking action subsequently
to attending financial education, there might be a case for changing behaviour through the institutional set-up of pension
schemes (i.e., through automatic enrolment) and using financial education as a supportive policy instrument.
相似文献
Christina WernerEmail: |
9.
The French opposition to the war in Iraq in early 2003 prompted calls for a boycott of French wine in the US. We measure the
magnitude of consumers’ participation in the boycott, and look at basic evidence of who participates. Conservative estimates
indicate that the boycott resulted in 26% lower weekly sales at its peak, and 13% lower sales over the 6 months period that
we estimate the boycott lasted. Although theory suggests consumers would not participate in boycotts due to a free-rider problem,
these findings indicate that businesses should be concerned that consumers may boycott their products. We also find that neither
political preferences nor media attention are important determinants of boycott participation.
相似文献
Phillip Leslie (Corresponding author)Email: |
10.
Christine Riefa 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2008,31(2):167-194
This paper discusses the legal classification of online “eBay” auctions. The discussion has key implications on the scope
of consumer protection law as sale by auctions are, for example, excluded from the scope of the Consumer Protection (Distance
Selling) Regulations 2000. The paper uncovers that online “eBay” auctions cannot always be considered as traditional auctions
and that eBay, as an intermediary, is not to be considered as an auctioneer. This creates difficulties associated with a distributive
application of consumer protection laws such as the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000. Another set of
difficulties is associated with a lenient legal regime applicable to the liability of eBay under the Electronic Commerce (EC
Directive) Regulations 2002. The paper concludes that there is an urgent need to clarify the legal classification of online
auctions and to rethink the liability of online auction sites to better protect consumers.
相似文献
Christine RiefaEmail: |
11.
This article examines the merit of the test of the average consumer as a basis for judicial and regulatory action. In the
first part, we describe the origin of the test, its application in the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive and its possible
developments. In the second part, we discuss the theoretical grounds of the average consumer test (i.e., information and rationality),
drawing upon the studies of cognitive psychology and behavioural economics concerning consumers’ behaviour. The result of
our analysis is that we call into serious question the practical workability of the test of the average consumer, which requires
consumers an overly demanding standard of rationality and information without dedicating much attention to the real functioning
of consumer behaviour. The average consumer may be described as an interesting, anti-paternalistic and, to some extent, useful
notion. It is, however, an overly simplistic concept with little correspondence with the real world of individual consumer
behaviour and should be reinterpreted more flexibly, or even abandoned to mirror consumer behaviour more effectively.
相似文献
Cristina Poncibò (Corresponding author)Email: |
12.
There are two key ways in which the Australian Uniform Consumer Credit Code seeks to protect consumers in relation to consumer
credit transactions. The first is by means of disclosure regulation where information is required to be disclosed to the consumer
before the credit contract is entered into and the second is by way of “safety net” provisions, where contracts can be varied
or set aside in the event of hardship, a finding that the transaction was unjust, or a finding of unconscionable fees or charges.
This article explores the limitations of both of these means of protection, particularly in the case of vulnerable, low-income
consumers. In order to highlight the inadequacies of these forms of consumer protection and the need for regulatory reform,
we draw on interviews conducted with 30 low-income consumers who had recently signed a credit contract, focusing on their
understanding of information disclosed in the contract, as well as their responses to hypothetical unfair terms and their
understanding of their rights, for example in the event of an unjust transaction. These interviews were conducted as part
of a joint research project between Brotherhood of St Laurence and Griffith University’s Centre for Credit and Consumer Law,
funded by Consumer Affairs Victoria.
相似文献
Genevieve SheehanEmail: |
13.
Managing the shipment of goods to consumers is one of the central aspects of retail competition on the internet. In this article, we analyze internet retailers’ shipping strategies using data from the internet book retailing industry. We find that, controlling for a variety of observable firm characteristics, firms with lower product prices offer lower shipping fees and higher quality shipping in terms of average delivery time, compared to firms with higher product prices. These patterns cannot be readily reconciled with a large class of models of competition under perfect consumer information. Theories based on imperfect consumer information can explain the findings better.
相似文献
Han LiEmail: |
14.
Chantal Mak 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2008,31(4):425-439
This paper addresses the question of how fundamental rights affect European legislation and adjudication on contracts regarding
digital information services (iConsumer contracts). Fundamental rights may be seen as representing political choices for the
protection of certain values in society, but at the same time, they are enacted rules of the legal system, which may be invoked
to enforce the protection of the interests they represent. It is submitted that because of this double-faced nature, they
can bring to the fore policy issues in contract legislation and case law. Fundamental rights can thus play a role in evaluating
the policy choices that are being made in the review of the acquis communautaire in the field of consumer law. For iConsumer contracts, that means that the rights of consumers, authors, and suppliers of
copyright-protected content affect the choice of rule-solutions on the European legislative level. Furthermore, these rights
have an impact on the case law of the European Court of Justice in the field of e-commerce. Fundamental rights help define
the various rule-solutions the Court can choose from and thus demarcate the law-making capacity of the judiciary.
相似文献
Chantal MakEmail: |
15.
The following is a brief report of the discussion and main comments that were made during a workshop ‘The place of the iConsumer
in EU and US law—protecting consumers of copyright protected content’, held in Amsterdam on 14 and 15 of December 2007. The
workshop was part of a series of joint events organised by the Berkeley Centre for Law and Technology, University of California
(BCLT) and the Institute for Information Law (IViR), University of Amsterdam on copyright and a follow-up to the conference
on ‘Copyright, digital rights management technology and consumer protection’ that was held at the UC Berkeley in March 2007.
The main goal of the workshop was to confront a consumer law approach with the more commonly discussed approach of internalising
user-related questions directly into copyright law. To this end, a selected group of European and US experts in both fields,
copyright law and consumer law, were invited. The participants were then asked to share their thoughts and views from the
different fields of law with regard to a number of main statements given by the organisers. The transatlantic perspective
further added to the discussion. The main purpose of this report is to point to a number of issues that, according to the
workshop participants, should be taken into account in future discussions concerning the legal position of the iConsumer.
This report summarises the discussion along the three statements that the organisers asked participants to consider. The report
gives some background information for each of the statements, to then describe the main arguments made during the workshop,
to the extent that this discussion has not already been internalised in the papers that are part of this special JCP issue.
相似文献
Natali HelbergerEmail: |
16.
In this paper, we consider third-degree price discrimination in two markets in the presence of asymmetric consumption externalities;
we establish that under plausible conditions, a firm reduces its price in the market with low price elasticity of demand.
The firm can increase its profits by reducing the price for these consumers and enlarging the demand for other consumers,
provided that positive consumption externalities exist. Moreover, we show that third-degree price discrimination enhances
not only the firm’s profit but also total consumer surplus.
相似文献
Tatsuhiko NariuEmail: |
17.
This paper discusses the nature of financial business relationships by drawing on the IMP Group’s theory of industrial relationships.
It discusses, among other aspects, the interaction process between banks and their corporate clients, the longevity of relationships,
the interdependence between both sides, and the atmosphere of financial services relationships. The conclusions are thought
to be interesting and useful for the managers of firms and financial services when setting relationship marketing policies
and for academic research on business-to-business services relationships. The field research was done in Portugal and the
case method was used.
相似文献
Luís M. de CastroEmail: |
18.
Jens Karsten 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2007,30(2):117-136
EC transport law is set to be complemented by a series of Regulations giving rights to passengers for almost every mode of
transport. These Regulations not only give transport law a distinct consumer dimension but also add new elements to European
private law. This paper attempts to provide a horizontal, or intermodal, survey of these Regulations, adopted and proposed.
It is argued that passenger law, although originating separately and remaining a sector distinct from other fields of law,
has become part of a wider, three-stranded notion of European consumer policy deserving due attention as the force most dynamically
expanding the area of Community law of contracts and of torts. The paper will point to the elements of consumer contract law
and the law on travel and tourism related to passenger transport and elaborate on the basics for finding a common notion of
the key terms like “passenger” and “damage” for Community law. It concludes with some points for further reflection.
相似文献
Jens KarstenEmail: |
19.
We investigate direct and indirect specification of the distribution of consumer willingness-to-pay (WTP) for changes in product
attributes in a choice setting. Typically, choice models identify WTP for an attribute as a ratio of the estimated attribute
and price coefficients. Previous research in marketing and economics has discussed the problems with allowing for random coefficients
on both attribute and price, especially when the distribution of the price coefficient has mass near zero. These problems
can be avoided by combining a parameterization of the likelihood function that directly identifies WTP with a normal prior
for WTP. We show that the typical likelihood parameterization in combination with what are regarded as standard heterogeneity
distributions for attribute and price coefficients results in poorly behaved posterior WTP distributions, especially in small
sample settings. The implied prior for WTP readily allows for substantial mass in the tails of the distribution and extreme
individual-level estimates of WTP. We also demonstrate the sensitivity of profit maximizing prices to parameterization and
priors for WTP.
相似文献
Thomas OtterEmail: |
20.
Higher educational services exports: sources of growth of Asian students in US and UK 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The paper reviews the recent trends and current developments in the global higher education market with a particular focus
on growth of Asian students studying in US and UK. Using pool cross section-time series data over the 1985–2003 period, it
is found that different factors affect students from different countries differently. This suggests that the marketing strategies
of offshore higher education providers need to be tailored to the specific needs of different markets in order to be successful.
The emergence of a number of new players in the higher education export market is also rapidly becoming a major threat to
the traditional higher education service exporters.
相似文献
Doren ChadeeEmail: |