我国国有商业银行信贷的认识论和发展观

随着金融制度改革的深入,国有商业银行信贷业务的利润贡献占比逐步下降,非信贷业务收入占比不断提高。在金融市场变化加剧、市场竞争日益激烈、金融创新层出不穷的新形势下,正确认识银行信贷的一般规律及在未来商业银行经营发展中的地位、作用及发展方向,将直接关系到我国银行业改革与发展的战略和策略。本文通过对国有商业银行信贷管理制度的历史考察,及对不良贷款和信贷发展的认识,运用科学发展观,提出银行信贷在一段相当长的时期内仍是企业融资的主渠道,应逐步实现信贷业务调整,更有效地发挥好信贷在银行经营及社会融资中的主导作用,在发展中实现信贷的新跨越。     

我国国有商业银行信贷的认识论和发展观

随着金融制度改革的深入，国有商业银行信贷业务的利润贡献占比逐步下降，非信贷业务收入占比不断提高。在金融市场变化加剧、市场竞争日益激烈、金融创新层出不穷的新形势下，正确认识银行信贷的一般规律及在未来商业银行经营发展中的地位、作用及发展方向，将直接关系到我国银行业改革与发展的战略和策略。本文通过对国有商业银行信贷管理制度的历史考察，及对不良贷款和信贷发展的认识，运用科学发展观，提出银行信贷在一段相当长的时期内仍是企业融资的主渠道，应逐步实现信贷业务调整，更有效地发挥好信贷在银行经营及社会融资中的主导作用，在发展中实现信贷的新跨越。     

Quantitative skills: is there an expectation gap between the education and practice of management accountants?

The extent to which management accountants are receiving appropriate training in quantitative methods is examined. It finds a disparity between the wide range of quantitative techniques covered within the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants' syllabi and the limited use made of many of the techniques in practice. It also reports a rich picture of differing expectations of the role of quantitative skills in the work of a management accountant. The study finds that quantitative skills are seen by both employers and accounting educators as contributing to the portfolio of skills required by management accountants. Also, they give a rigour to the examination process that is seen as a challenging ‘rite of passage’ into the profession. It is concluded that knowledge and understanding of the range of quantitative techniques available to organizations is a powerful differentiator for the accounting profession, even if the occasions upon which accountants are required to draw upon much of that knowledge are few and far between.     

Consumer payment choice: Merchant card acceptance versus pricing incentives

Using transaction-level data from a three-day shopping diary, we estimate a model of consumer payment instrument choice that disentangles the effect of merchant card acceptance from credit card pricing incentives (rewards) at the point-of-sale. The lack of merchant card acceptance plays a large role in the use of cash, especially for low-value transactions (less than 25 dollars). Participation in a credit card rewards program induces a shift toward credit card usage at the expense of both debit cards and cash. In contrast, changes in the amount of rewards (ad valorem) has a small or inelastic effect on the probability of paying with credit cards. Our findings highlight the importance of the two-sided nature of retail payment systems and provide key insights into consumer and merchant behaviour.     

Ratings-based credit risk modelling: An empirical analysis

Banks have recently developed new techniques for gauging the credit risk associated with portfolios of illiquid and defaultable instruments. These techniques could revolutionise banks' management of credit risk and could in the longer term serve as a more risk-sensitive basis for calculating regulatory capital on banks' loan books than in Basel 2, the new regulatory capital framework. In this paper we implement a popular credit risk model that exploits the information in credit ratings to determine a portfolio's value-at-risk. Using price data on large eurobond portfolios, we assess, on an out-of-sample basis, how well the model tracks the risks it is supposed to measure.     

钱荒现象与农村合作银行信贷运行的风险控制

2013年6月以来,全国商业银行流动性风险加剧,“钱荒”现象席卷全国.各银行间的传统业务竞争更趋激烈,揽存抢钱苗头显现.本轮“钱荒”是多重因素相互作用、效力叠加的结果.钱荒折射出金融的异化.农合行要强化自身抵御各种风险的能力,从强化流动性风险管控、合理配比资产负债结构、强化信贷结构调整,加强票据业务自查、区别对待新进客户授信四个方面入手,做好信贷运行风险控制,确保信贷资产的安全.     

信用风险缓释工具会计问题探讨

信用风险缓释工具是2010年中国银行间市场创新试点推出的信用风险管理工具,旨在将标的债务的信用风险剥离、定价,并将其转移给风险偏好投资者。信用风险缓释工具的交易有利于完善市场风险分担机制和防范系统风险,从而可以促进宏观金融平稳发展。信用风险缓释工具作为创新产品,尽管对其参与商、工具创设、产品交易、信息披露和风险管理等方面有较为明确的规范,但缺乏相关的会计信息列报规范。本文以国际财务报告准则和我国企业会计准则对金融工具的有关规定为基础,提出了完善我国信用风险缓释工具会计确认、计量与列报的路径。     

Enhancing the Accessibility of Accounting and Business Archives: The Role of Technology in Informing Research in Accounting and Business

The application of advanced digitization technologies to accounting and business archives has created new opportunities for accounting and business historians. The joint American Accounting Association and European Accounting Association Task Force (2006–2010) that examined digitization confirmed this. This paper explores these opportunities, along with some attendant challenges and cautions, with reference to the digitization of two significant archives located in Australia. The first is the archive of CPA Australia, a professional accounting association that has its beginnings in 1886 and which today has over 132,000 members. The second is the archive accumulated by the pre‐eminent accounting scholar Raymond Chambers during his long and extraordinarily productive tenure at the University of Sydney. Studies of surviving business records, biography and institutional history provide examples of scholarship that is enabled by digitization technology and which has the capacity to inform contemporary issues and debates.     

Accounting data and the credit spread: An empirical investigation

Measures of credit risk based on Merton (1974) rely upon information available in the market prices of securities. Under the Efficient Market Hypothesis market prices should reflect all available information and, hence, make redundant all other information in the analysis of credit risk. This paper examines whether accounting data are fully reflected in the market-based measures of credit risk and therefore has no role in explaining variations in the credit spread on corporate bonds. We use a sample consisting of over 11,000 firm-quarter observations with matched equity, bond and accounting data. The results suggest that equity volatility and Merton's distance-to-default outperform accounting variables in explaining variations in the credit spread. However, accounting variables are incrementally informative in explaining variations in the credit spread when considered in conjunction with market-based measures. Within the set of accounting variables considered, we find that the profitability ratio is by far the most incrementally informative accounting variable.     

The Origins and Evolution of the Double Account System: An Example of Accounting Innovation

The distinguishing characteristic of the double account system is the subdivision of the conventional balance sheet into a capital account and a revenue account, and it is the purpose of this paper to explain why it became the practice of railway companies to publish accounts in this form.     

Knowledge Preservation in Accounting: A Citational Study

This study explores knowledge preservation in accounting research through an examination of a sample of 428 published accounting articles and their nearly 11,000 citations. The examination shows that accounting scholars tend to cite very recent literature. The small volume of cited pre-1960 literature (preponderantly from non-accounting sources) and the low incidence of historical research articles in most non-historical journals suggests that earlier accounting knowledge may become lost to future generations of accounting scholars. This conclusion implies that accounting scholars can play an important role in the preservation and dissemination of previous generations of accounting knowledge.     

商业银行零售资产业务的聚合信用风险模型

在描述商业银行零售资产业务特征的基础上,运用特征函数法对其聚合后的信用风险进行建模分析,结果表明,在违约速率不变和可变的情况下,商业银行聚合信用风险的损失分布都有完整的解析表达式.     

Accounting and control in Barclays Bank (DCO): the lending to Africans episode

This paper analyses the accounting, control and operational consequences of a pre-independence experiment by Barclays Bank (DCO) in the British Nigerian colony to liberalize its credit policy towards Africans. This was partly an attempt to develop African business, an area previously neglected by foreign banks. The new policy also appeased Africans who believed that the colonial banks discriminated against them. This experiment resulted in 'alarming' bad debts and led to a reappraisal of the bank's accounting, control and operational procedures. The paper highlights the limitations of internal controls in an era of change.     

Does access to tutorial solutions enhance student performance? Evidence from an accounting course

Deciding whether to release tutorial solutions to students is quite often a dilemma for instructors. This paper provides empirical evidence on the effect of releasing tutorial solutions in a management accounting course at a large Australian university. For this purpose, this paper develops a base model for predicting performance in the course and expands the model to incorporate a variable capturing the release of tutorial solutions. Consistent with previous research (e.g. Doran et al., 1991; Danko‐McGhee and Duke, 1992; Kavanagh and Rohde, 1996), in the base model, although performances in an introductory accounting course and the mid‐semester test were found to be good predictors of performance in the final examination, evidence on the role of gender and age was weak. In the expanded model, there was no evidence that releasing tutorial solutions improved performance in the final examination. The findings of this paper have policy implications for educators and administrators in education in deciding whether to release tutorial solutions to students.     

From Accounting to “Forecounting”*

Using Ross Skinner's 1995 CA Magazine article, “Judgment in Jeopardy", as a stepping stone, we revisit the meaning of professional judgment in accounting in light of developments in standard setting, financial markets, and business operations that have taken place over the past two decades. We argue that it is time to change the view that accountants' professional judgment is the application of accounting‐based knowledge and experience in the selection of an appropriate accounting method. Accountants now face a standard‐setting context that emphasizes the estimation of future cash flows as well as new business and financial realities. This context implies that, in exercising their professional judgment to choose between forecast alternatives, accountants must rely on knowledge and experience from other disciplines (even though this is not well integrated into accounting). Hence, accounting must evolve from its traditional stewardship role to the new role of “forecount‐ing” (the estimation of future cash flows). The implications as well as the challenges of that evolution are discussed.     

会计师事务所信用的多层次灰色模糊评价方法

会计师事务所信用评价是一个多因素综合评价过程。本文构建了以会计师事务所内部管理水平、从业人员专业胜任能力、执业状况、组织结构、承担风险能力和信用状况等6个方面为主要指标的会计师事务所信用评价指标体系,并对这些评价指标及其二级指标采用多层次灰色模糊评价方法,在评价指标权重确定时运用带有专家可信度的非线性优化层次分析法,不仅使评价指标的权重更为科学、合理,更降低了评价指标体系度量的困难性和评价过程中的人为因素误差。     

新型农村金融机构支农目标及信贷行为解释--以山东省调查为例

摘要：本文利用山东省新型农村金融机构的调查数据,分析了三类新型农村金融机构支农行为的差异及支农目标的共同特征,并从信贷行为角度解释其支农目标的实现。新型农村金融机构支农目标主要体现为借款者数量增加。贷款余额的扩大、期限多样性的增加、审批效率的提高及涉农成本的降低有利于增加借款者数量。政府的支农政策应鼓励新型农村金融机构增加借款者数量,仅关注支农深度及涉农比例只会干扰新型农村金融机构的市场化运行或鼓励支农数据造假行为。信贷政策上,应鼓励新型农村金融机构扩大贷款规模、增加贷款期限弹性、提高贷款审批效率、降低涉农贷款成本,并通过新型农村金融机构信贷模式创新,更有效地完成支农目标。     

Effects of the Adoption of IFRS on the Credit Market: Evidence from Brazil

Based on a sample of approximately 6500 credit ratings and 137,000 loan contracts, this paper analyzes the effects of mandatory IFRS adoption on the Brazilian credit market. We find that the IFRS adoption effects were limited to firms displaying improved accounting information quality at the time of transition, lending support to the notion that economic benefits do not necessarily flow from the publication of financial reports in IFRS but, rather, depend on how earnestly firms adopt the recommended disclosure practices.     

The internationalization of British professional accounting: the role of the examination exporting bodies

This paper extends the seminal study of the role of the UK accounting profession undertaken by Johnson and Caygill (1971). It is argued that the influence of the British accounting profession upon overseas countries has changed significantly from the export of UK accountants to the export of examinations. This has greatly facilitated the attainment of a UK qualification by overseas nationals and thus enhanced the international influence of UK accounting principles and practices. The possible implications of this trend for importing countries are also explored. Finally, the paper discusses the impact of this new development upon the professional body which is the leading provider of overseas examinations.     

区块链:一种新的征信视角与技术架构

区块链是未来信息技术的一个重要方向,区块链技术和征信系统的结合是全球的研发热点。阐述征信的概念、信息技术在征信业发展过程中的作用以及征信市场的痛点,提出新技术背景下面临的挑战。为使区块链技术与征信更有效地结合,回顾区块链的产生、发展背景,对“初级版本”区块链和普通意义上的区块链进行详细解析,逐步发现区块链对构建一种新的征信视角的重要性。区块链也可以为传统征信体系提供技术架构。基于对新技术的包容态度,提出区块链监管的政策建议,并对区块链技术应用前景进行展望。