战后日本妇女劳动力的就业

战前日本是一个典型的“男性社会”,妇女的政治、经济、文化地位十分低下。战后,特别是五、六十年代以来,由于妇女越来越多地参加家庭外活动,尤其是其就业人数增多,日本妇女的社会地位有了很大的改善。本文拟就战后促成日本妇女就业大量增加的诸般因素,就业的基本特点及妇女就业增加在日本国民经济与社会发展中的作用等问题做一粗浅的探讨。     

山东省妇女就业状况与前景展望

随着经济的发展和经济体制改革的深入,山东省妇女就业状况发生了一些变化,呈现出新的特点,主要表现为:就业观念更新、就业领域逐步拓宽、就业方式多样化、职业流动增加等。但同时也面临着一些相应的问题,如妇女劳动就业压力加大、男女两性收入差距扩大、性别歧视不同程度存在、部分妇女的劳动权益得不到有效保障等。为此,需从政策支持妇女创业就业、加强教育培训提高妇女自身素质、大力发展社区家政服务业以及完善维护妇女劳动权益的法律法规等方面改善妇女就业状况。     

妇女就业状况及其法律保障

(一) 我国劳动法律、法规和规章制度对妇女就业权给予了较为全面的保障。然而,随着改革开放的进一步深入和市场经济的发展,我国妇女就业的要求已远远超出了计划经济体制下产生的劳动法律、法规及规章制度本身所包含的内容,其就业的实践关系甚至突破     

教育和就业对我国妇女社会地位的影响分析

本文通过教育和就业对我国妇女社会地位的影响分析得出,影响妇女社会地位的不仅是政府各项政策服务的实施程度,更是妇女对自身发展的态度和社会各界人士观念的转变。建议通过政府等多方面机构的宣传及实施来实现妇女的各项权益,大力宣扬妇女在社会中起到的重要作用,进而真正提高妇女的社会地位。     

日本女性就业状况的变化及其原因分析

随着日本女性的社会地位不断提高,男主外,女主内的传统思想正在改变,很多女性进入社会就职。男女雇佣机会均等时代的到来、促进妇女就业的法规措施的强化、雇佣形态的多样化发展、子女教育费的压力、女性生活意识的变化等因素推动了日本女性就业的发展。但是,日本女性就业的同时也产生了诸多的社会影响。     

中国改革开放以来广东省妇女就业的变化与趋势

中国改革开放以来,广东妇女就业状况发生了很大变化。越来越多的妇女投入到经济建设中,在社会经济生活的各个领域发挥着日益重要的作用。然而,就象经济发展本身面对着新的机遇和挑战一样,妇女就业也面临着一些新的情况和问题,本文拟通过对本省妇女就业现状的分析,探究其变化发展的特点和影响因素,展望其今后发展的趋势和问题,并就政府应采取的政策作些分析与探讨。     

应有「大就业」观念──甘肃女职工劳动权益保障

应有「大就业」观念──甘肃女职工劳动权益保障胡耀中近年来，甘肃妇女就业和女职工劳动权益保障工作取得了明显成绩。妇女就业人数不断增加。据统计，到１９９６年，全省企业女职工人数已达到６７万人，占全省企业职工总数的３７％。女职工的劳动权利得到了比较充分的体...     

为了300万残疾人的期盼

残疾人是一个特殊的弱势群体,但弱势并不等于弱能,全省已达就业年龄的残疾人中,有130多万人是有劳动能力和部分劳动能力的残疾人。促进就业,帮助残疾人从单纯地依靠国家、社会和亲属救济、供养变为自食其力的劳动者,不仅关系到全省313万残疾人劳动权利的实现,而且对解除残疾人亲属的后顾之忧,促进经济发展、社会进步和精神文明建设,具有重要作用。近年来,我们始终把促进残疾人就业作为全省残疾人工作的重中之重来抓。2001年,我省城镇有劳动能力的残疾人就业率已由“八五”末的70%提升到80%左右。在当前就业形势紧张、就业压力大的情况下,我…     

试论正确对待女性生育权——论我国女职工生育期的劳动权益保护

由于妇女的身体结构和生理机能的特点,以及抚育子女的需要（特殊社会义务）,决定了其在劳动中的特殊地位。因此必须对妇女的特殊劳动权益予以法律的、政策的、社会援助的等多方面的特殊保护。     

妇女就业面对艰难抉择

一、影响女性就业因素分析妇女就业自始至今一直受多重因素的影响,来自社会的、个人的、历史的、现实的种种因素不仅使得妇女在就业数量上深受影响,也使妇女的就业质量难以提高。改变妇女就业现状,提高妇女就业水平将有赖于减少或消除影响妇女就业的相关因素。 (一)角色冲突     

Does the first job really matter? State dependency in employment status in Japan

This paper examines whether the failure to obtain regular full-time employment at the time of graduation has a long-term impact on subsequent employment status. Using micro data from the Japanese General Social Surveys and the job opening ratio (yuko kyujin bairitu) as an instrument for entry-level employment status, I show that the observed correlation between current and entry-level employment status produces a true causal link, which is not attributable to sorting on unobserved aptitude. I also discuss various underlying mechanisms including social institutions and stigmatization. J. Japanese Int. Economies 21 (3) (2007) 379–402.     

The Impact of Work-Life Balance Policies on the Time Allocation and Fertility Preference of Japanese Women

We analyse the impact of work-life balance policies enacted by the government of Japan on the share of time allocated by Japanese women to paid employment, home production and leisure on a typical working day. Using panel data and employing fixed effects to control for unobserved individual heterogeneity, we find that these policies have had some success in increasing married women’s share of time spent in paid employment. However, the increase in the share of time spent in paid employment is not largely compensated by cutting down the share of time spent in home production. This necessitates the need to cut down the share of time spent for leisure, implying a “double burden” of work for women. Further, work-life balance policies in married men’s firms do not appear to significantly influence their time allocation between various activities on a typical working day. We find that although work-life balance policies do not appear to influence the desirability of having a child for all women, they help women with children younger than six years raise the share of time spent in paid employment by largely cutting down their time allocation to home production.     

Productivity loss and reinstatement as a legal remedy for unjust dismissal

There are two types of legal remedies for unjust dismissal, damages or reinstatement. Although workers' motivation is negatively influenced by employment adjustments such as a wage cut or layoffs, fired workers can receive a remedy when they are protected by dismissal regulations. We consider which legal remedy policy is better, damages or reinstatement, from the viewpoint of workers' motivation at workplaces. Under a reinstatement policy, firms are more likely to make an employment adjustment, and reinstatement is dominated by damages from the viewpoint of social welfare when the productivity loss caused by employment adjustment is minor. On the other hand, when the productivity loss is serious, employment adjustment is more likely made under the damages policy, and reinstatement can be desirable. J. Japanese Int. Economies 21 (1) (2007) 78–105.     

新疆妇女社会地位与受教育程度关系研究

妇女社会地位客观反映了社会和谐、性别平等与妇女发展,研究新疆妇女社会地位与受教育程度关系具有重要的现实意义。本文采用抽样调查的方法,从新疆14个地州市分层随机抽取41个县区（市）的18岁-64岁的社会群体作为调查对象,选用教育、就业、杜会保障、政治参与和政治态度、家庭婚姻、性别认知和态度等方面的14个变量来构建测量妇女社会地位的指数,并依据第三次全国妇女社会地位调查数据分析了新疆妇女社会地位和受教育程度的现状,以及妇女受教育程度对其社会地位的影响。结果表明：第一,新疆妇女受教育水平存在地域、性别、城乡间的差异;第二,新疆妇女受教育年限每增加1％,其劳动收入平均增加0．385％;第三,新疆妇女受教育水平与社会地位呈显著的正相关关系。最后提出了提高新疆妇女社会地位的对策建议。     

Does antidumping stimulate FDI? Evidence from Japanese firms in the UK

Does Antidumping Stimulate FDI? Evidence from Japanese Firms in the UK. — This paper explores which factors influence the number of Japanese firms in the UK and the level of employment and fixed assets in those firms, at a highly disaggregated sector level. We are interested in whether trade policy has had a role to play in the entry and expansion of Japanese firms. The results give some support to the hypothesis that antidumping action has acted as an incentive for Japanese direct investment in the UK. However, it has a relatively modest effect —antidumping cases can explain a maximum of 8 per cent of the expansion in employment by existing Japanese firms in the UK, while they appear to have no influence on the arrival of new firms.     

A comparison of the Japanese and U.S. business cycles

This paper constructs a consistent set of quarterly Japanese data for the 1960–2002 sample period and compares properties of the Japanese and U.S. business cycles. We document some important differences in the adjustment of labor input between the two countries. In Japan most of the adjustment is in hours per worker of males and females and also in employment of females. In the U.S. most of the adjustment is in employment of both males and females. We formulate, estimate, and analyze a model that makes the distinction between the intensive and extensive margin and allows for gender differerences in labor supply. A weak empirical correlation between hours per worker and employment in Japanese data is a puzzle for our theory.     

The educational upgrading of Japanese youth, 1982–2007: Are all Japanese youth ready for structural reforms?

Are all Japanese youth ready for the structural reforms proposed as a supply-side policy of Abenomics? To answer this question, we assess how well Japanese youth have coped with the labor market’s long-term structural changes, induced primarily by deepening interdependence with emerging economies and rapid technological progress over the last three decades. We examine the role of educational upgrading on the labor-market outcomes of youth between the ages of 25 and 29, using six waves of micro data from the Employment Status Survey spanning from 1982 to 2007. The analysis demonstrates that the demand growth for skilled labor relative to unskilled labor has been met by the educational upgrading of youth through the expansion of tertiary education, including education in vocational schools. Youth left behind the trend of educational upgrading, however, have suffered significantly from decreasing employment opportunities and deteriorated working conditions.     

Gender promotion differences in economics departments in Japan: A duration analysis

Using a unique data set from our survey of academic economists in Japan, we present the first detailed study of gender promotion gaps in Japanese academia. The length of time from initial appointment to promotion to associate professor is greater for women than men, largely due to women spending more time as lecturers, the lowest academic rank. The gender gaps in promotions from associate professor to full professor are more complex. Childless women are promoted faster than childless men. However, since the effects of marriage and children are negative for women, this ‘reverse gender gap’ disappears for childless married academics, and women's time to promotion becomes substantially longer than men's if they have children.     

Women's higher education in Japan: Family background,economic factors,and the Equal Employment Opportunity Law

Since the mid-1980s there has been a striking increase in the propensity of young Japanese women to attend four-year universities. During this same period, the Japanese Diet, in 1985, passed the Equal Employment Opportunity Law, which focused on improving women's access to career employment. This paper uses micro-data from the Japanese Panel Survey on Consumers (JPSC) to investigate the importance of socio-economic and demographic factors, as well as the EEO Law, in determining the higher education decisions of young women in Japan.We find that one of the most important factors in determining whether or not a young woman attends university is whether or not her mother attended university. Other important factors we identify include whether or not her father attended university, whether or not the young woman attended juku in high school, family income, and attendance at private secondary school. Data limitations prevent drawing strong conclusions about the role of the passage of the EEO Law, but our results suggest that the passage of the law was associated with an increase in the propensity of young women to choose university over junior college.