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1.
Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):259-281
Several social scientists, including ‘evolutionary economists’, have expressed scepticism of ‘biological analogies’ and rejected
the application of ‘Darwinism’ to socio-economic evolution. Among this group, some have argued that self-organisation is an
alternative to biological analogies or Darwinism. Others have seen ‘artificial selection’ as an alternative to natural selection
in the socio-economic sphere. Another objection is that Darwinism excludes human intentionality. It is shown that all these
objections to ‘biological analogies’ and ‘Darwinism’ are ungrounded. Furthermore, Darwinism includes a broad theoretical framework
for the analysis of the evolution of all open, complex systems, including socio-economic systems. Finally and crucially, Darwinism
also involves a basic philosophical commitment to detailed, cumulative, causal explanations. For these reasons, Darwinism
is fully relevant for economics and an adequate evolutionary economics must be Darwinian, at least in these fundamental senses.
However, this does not undermine the need for auxiliary theories and explanations in the economic domain. 相似文献
2.
Derek Bosworth Silvia Massini Masako Nakayama 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):135-162
This paper explores the use of time series data to isolate quality change in the Japanese economy using a hedonic procedure.
We argue that the traditional approach to hedonic estimation based upon panel data sets of different brands in a given product
area is extremely resource intensive and, thus, unlikely to be adopted by official statistical bodies outside of key areas,
such as computers. This paper adopts a “top-down” approach to see whether more traditional measures of technical change, such
as patents, can be used to separate pure inflation from quality change. If this is possible, it offers a much simpler route
to estimate the role of quality change in economic growth and performance. In practice, we extend the analysis not only to
include patents, but other forms of intellectual property that might reflect technology and attribute changes, such as designs,
utility models and trademarks. We begin by taking a longer-term historical perspective, exploring the development of indigenous
inventive capacity in Japan during the early years when R&D data are not available. It is possible to show that the rise in
utility models pre-dates the main growth in patenting activity, suggesting the development in more low-level indigenous creative
work prior to higher level inventive activity. The principal aim of this paper, however, is to demonstrate that it is possible
to develop robust models to explain changes in the producer price index in Japan, which can then be used to re-examine Japanese
growth performance over the period from about 1960. If the official Japanese statistical body has fully accounted for quality
change in the price indices (i.e. produced fully quality-constant price deflators), then the official estimates of growth
will be correct. However, we provide strong evidence that this is not the case. Changes in quality, proxied by the IP variables,
are important determinants of prices in Japan over the period 1960 to 1995 as a whole. Indeed, we provide evidence that the
true rate of growth of the Japanese economy, taking into account the rate of quality change, is significantly higher than
that suggested in official statistics. 相似文献
3.
Alexander Ebner 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):355-372
This essay addresses the historical and institutional aspects of Schumpeter's thought. It suggests that Schumpeter prepared a pluralist research agenda, formulated in accordance with the conceptual perspective of the German Historical School, as presented by major scholars such as Schmoller, Sombart, Spiethoff and Max Weber. Schumpeter's notion of development, with its emphasis on the correspondence of economic and socio-cultural evolution, is therefore to be viewed in the context of the comprehensive Schmollerian approach. Moreover the ethical-evolutionary components of Schmoller's ideas point at the vital role of the German Historical School in the elaboration of a modern evolutionary economics in Schumpeterian terms. The essay concludes that the Schmollerprogramm is going to inspire further developments in Schumpeterian economics, as the integration of theory and history continuously marks the research agenda of evolutionary approaches to economic development. 相似文献
4.
A resource-based view of Schumpeterian economic dynamics 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
John A. Mathews 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):29-54
This paper seeks to offer a theoretical platform where the modern “resource-based view” of the firm might meet with evolutionary
economics and the study of entrepreneurship, and with the economics of industrial organization. It does so by proposing the
concept of the “resource economy” within which productive resources are produced and exchanged between firms. This is presented
as the dual of the mainstream goods and services economy – where the “resource economy” captures the dynamic capital structure
of the economy. The paper is concerned to bring out the distinctive principles governing resource dynamics in the resource
economy, capturing competitive dynamics in such categories as resource creation, replication, propagation, exchange and leverage;
evolutionary dynamics in terms of resource variation, selection and retention; entrepreneurial dynamics in terms of resource
recombination and resource imitation, transfer and substitution; and industrial organizational dynamics in terms of resource
configuration, resource complementarities and resource trajectories. 相似文献
5.
Barriers to knowledge spillovers and regional convergence in an evolutionary model 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
This paper will present a multi-region/multi-country model in which inter-regional knowledge spillovers determine the growth
of regions. Key parameters in the model are the learning capability of a region and the rate of knowledge generation (R&D).
The intensity of spillovers depends on geographical distance between regions. The model is investigated by means of simulation
techniques. What results is a core-periphery situation, the exact form of which depends on the assumed spatial structure.
The impact of economic integration is investigated by introducing barriers-to-knowledge-spillovers in the model in the form
of borders between countries. Contrary to the popular belief and some economic theories, we find that removing such spillover
barriers may result in larger disparity of income levels between regions. 相似文献
6.
Joïlle Noailly Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh Cees A. Withagen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):183-200
Abstract. Economic theories of managing renewable resources, such as fisheries and forestry, traditionally assume that individual harvesters
are perfectly rational and thus able to compute the harvesting strategy that maximizes their discounted profits. The current
paper presents an alternative approach based on bounded rationality and evolutionary mechanisms. It is assumed that individual
harvesters face a choice between two harvesting strategies. The evolution of the distribution of strategies in the population
is modeled through a replicator dynamics equation. The latter captures the idea that strategies yielding above average profits
are demanded more than strategies yielding below average profits, so that the first type ends up accounting for a larger part
in the population. From a mathematical perspective, the combination of resource and evolutionary processes leads to complex
dynamics. The paper presents the existence and stability conditions for each steady-state of the system and analyzes dynamic
paths to the equilibrium. In addition, effects of changes in prices are analyzed. A main result of the paper is that under
certain conditions both strategies can survive in the long-run.
Correspondence to: J. Noailly 相似文献
7.
Ulrich Witt 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):77-94
Economic policy making is discussed from three different angles: the political economy of actual policy making (“what policy
does do”), the analysis of policy instruments for given ends (“what policy could do”), and the debate on policy goals and
their legitimization (“what policy ought to do”). Center stage in the evolutionary perspective is new, positive and normative
knowledge which is unfolding during the policy making process and in its aftermath. It is argued that this implies regularities
and constraints which extend and modify the comparative-static interpretations of public choice theory, economic policy making
theory, and social philosophy.
RID="*"
ID="*" The author should like to thank three anonymous referees of this journal and the editor for helpful comments on an
earlier version of the paper. 相似文献
8.
Market institutions and economic evolution 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Brian J. Loasby 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):297-309
Our cognitive limitations cause us to rely on institutions to guide reasonable behaviour; market institutions reduce the
costs of search, negotiation, and monitoring entailed in making single transactions. The making of markets requires an investment
of immaterial capital, the major share of which typically is provided by those who expect to be very active on one side of
the market. This `external organisation' provides producers with information for the development of new products; by simplifying
transactions it also allows consumers greater scope for developing consumption capabilities. Thus the evolution of institutions
guides the evolution of goods and services. 相似文献
9.
By what process does technical change in information technology (IT) increase economic welfare? How does this process result
in increases in welfare at different rates in different countries and regions? This paper considers existing literature on
measuring the economic benefits from information technology, emphasizing comparative issues and user studies. Following Bresnahan
and Trajtenberg (1995), we call the invention associated with customizing the technological frontier to the unique needs of
users in particular regions “co-invention”, placing emphasis on understanding how its determinants vary across users in different
regions. We develop a framework for understanding the processes behind value-creation, demand-side heterogeneity and co-inventive
activity. Then we discuss why these processes make measuring the welfare benefits from advances in information technology
particularly difficult. We highlight the metrics currently available for measuring the economic pay-out of the IT revolution
and identify which of these vary meaningfully in a comparative regional context. Finally, we finish with observations about
further areas of research. 相似文献
10.
The new geography of corporate research in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In the new ICT-based paradigm MNCs have increasingly locationally dispersed competence-creating activities. Using patent
data granted in the US to the largest European-owned electronic corporations and all the largest companies in other industries
for their ICT research in the European regions, this paper investigates the regional dispersion of such research. We find
that co-specialised electronic companies do not tend to develop related R&D in the same regional location, but non-electronic
firms undertake related ICT development in a common centre of excellence. Thus, intra-industry competition encourages the
geographical separation of co-specialised research, while inter-industry cooperation entails the co-location of related research. 相似文献
11.
Economic selection theory 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Thorbjørn Knudsen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(4):443-470
12.
Gunnar Eliasson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):217-241
Government is studied as supporter of science and of the transformation of scientific discoveries into new technology and firm formation. The importance of scientific discovery outside academe is recognized as is the experimental nature of the transformation process entailing frequent business failure. Competence bloc theory is used to understand the minimum set of actors with competence needed for the incentive structure to be complete and the risk of losing the winners minimized. Competence bloc analysis also helps clarify the theoretical foundations of industrial policy and useful roles for science parks. I find that to succeed as a catalyst for industrial competitiveness park management should be less concerned with science and technology and more with the economics of the transformation process. 相似文献
13.
Paul J. Zak 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):343-365
Recent biomedical research shows that roughly three-quarters of cognitive abilities are attributable to genetics and family
environment. This paper presents a growth model that characterizes the role of the intergenerational transmission of genes
and the effect of family environment on growth trajectories. If the average human or physical capital stocks are sufficiently
low, the model shows that the economy will be caught in a poverty trap. Conversely, countries with more resources will converge
to a bala nced growth path where the average rate of genetic transmission of skills from parents to children determines the
long-run rate of output growth. Increased genetic diversity (or income inequality) is shown to raise the fertility rate and
reduce output growth in the transitional dynamics. Thus, nature and nurture are able to explain a variety of countries' growth
experiences. 相似文献
14.
Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
Jan Fagerberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):125-159
During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas
in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have
had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued
that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary
economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics
the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there
are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains
a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called
“new growth theory”).
RID="*"
ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it
all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary
economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted
to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly
mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary
Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker,
April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback.
Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility
is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
15.
Jean-Pierre Aubin 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):95-124
Socio-economic networks, neural networks and genetic networks describe collective phenomena through constraints relating
actions of several actors, coalitions of these actors and multilinear connectionist operators acting on the set of actions
of each coalition. We provide a class of control systems governing the evolution of actions, coalitions and multilinear connectionist
operators under which the architecture of the network remains viable. The controls are the “viability multipliers” of the
“resource space” in which the constraints are defined. They are involved as “tensor products” of the actions of the coalitions
and the viability multiplier, allowing us to encapsulate in this dynamical and multilinear framework the concept of Hebbian
learning rules in neural networks in the form of “multi-Hebbian” dynamics in the evolution of connectionist operators. They
are also involved in the evolution of coalitions through the “cost” of the constraints under the viability multiplier regarded
as a price. 相似文献
16.
Esben Sloth Andersen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):143-164
This paper presents the problem of satiation of consumption and technology in relation to a model of evolutionary endogenous
growth. The model represents an attempt to provide an evolutionary economic micro foundation to Pasinetti's scheme of the
structural economic dynamics of an economy that is based on only labour and knowledge. The micro foundation is based on a
set of rules that makes endogenous the demand coefficients, the labour coefficients, and the number of available sectors.
Through process innovations firms increase their productivities with respect to individual goods, but a growth slowdown takes
place unless the benefits from specialisation are exploited at still higher levels. Another cause for slowdown is related
to an Engelian hierarchy of goods. As the standard of living grows, existing sectors and consumption goods satiate, so new
sectors need to be provided by product innovations in a sufficient pace to keep up with the labour that is displaced from
old sectors. 相似文献
17.
Maria T. Brouwer 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):83-105
This paper interprets the discussion on entrepreneurship and economic development that started off with Weber's papers on
the Protestant Ethic. Weber sought the reason for the relatively rapid growth of the Occident in the rational, Calvinist attitude
to life. Calvinism – in his view – exactly suited a society of free labourers, who were not tied to master and soil by extra-economic
considerations as in tribal and feudal societies. Schumpeter gave an alternative explanation, emphasizing the importance of
innovation and entrepreneurship. Knight, who stressed neither rationality nor innovation but uncertainty and perceptiveness
as the sole source of progress and profits, followed up German language writing on this subject. Only the investor who can
detect hitherto hidden qualities in people can gain. The paper demonstrates how these three authors influenced each other.
The debate between these three authors has raised many issues of governance and organization that feature contemporary thinking. 相似文献
18.
John Foster 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):311-328
Post-Schumpeterians have tended to use biological analogies to understand economic evolution, in contrast to Schumpeter himself.
In this paper it is argued that the biological analogies used tend to be outdated and that Schumpeter espoused an intuitive
understanding of the evolutionary economic process that is closely related to modern conceptions of self-organisation, suitably
adapted for application in socioeconomic systems. Using a self-organisation approach, competition can be understood without
recourse to biological analogy, in terms of general systemic principles that operate in the presence of variety. Viewing economic
evolution in terms of complex adaptation in self-organising systems yields nonequilibrium and nonlinear perspectives that
parallel Schumpeter's own intuitions, reinvigorating them as the basis of evolutionary economic thinking in the new Millennium. 相似文献
19.
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1997,7(2):131-145
In a recent paper, Matthias Kelm (1997) accepts that `Schumpeter's definition of evolution does not contain any Darwinian
mechanism such as natural selection or any other biological concept' and that Schumpeter `made no such attempt' to apply `Darwinian
theory to economic evolution'. However, Kelm goes on to argue that Schumpeter would have been a Darwinian if circumstances
were different. It is argued here that this contention is highly implausible because Schumpeter explicitly rejected biological
metaphors and analogies in economics. Furthermore, Schumpeter misunderstood Darwinism. In his attempt to `interpret' Schumpeter
as a Darwinian, Kelm himself misrepresents the three core principles of Darwinism. In addition Kelm's paper contains several
misunderstandings and misrepresentations of the assessment of Schumpeter made by Hodgson (1993). This present response concludes
that Schumpeter was indeed one of the greatest economists of the twentieth century and that he may legitimately be described
as an `evolutionary economist'. However, he cautioned strongly against the use of biological metaphors in economics and there
is no legitimate basis for describing his approach as Darwinian. 相似文献
20.
Optimal freeware quality in the presence of network externalities: an evolutionary game theoretical approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
New software products often face difficulty in achieving market penetration. A potential remedy is to offer a freeware version
of the software to encourage initial adoption and establish a larger user base for the software, thereby increasing the commercial
version's value to adopters in future periods. However, to avoid complete cannibalization of the commercial version, the freeware
version's quality must be sufficiently low and the price of the commercial version must not be too high. We model the effect
of these two decision variables, price and freeware quality, on the adoption of software using static and evolutionary game
theory. 相似文献