日元国际化对人民币国际化的镜鉴意义

日元开启国际化的征程已30年之久,有关人民币国际化的问题也引起越来越多的关注。当今,中国无论在经济实力、国际贸易水平,还是金融市场的开放等方面都与昔日日本提出"日元国际化"时的背景颇为相似,因此,分析日元国际化的现状,总结其经验教训,对推动当今人民币国际化具有极为重要的镜鉴意义。     

Overcoming barriers to patient safety

Creating a culture of patient safety is a critical goal of all patient care unit staff. An analysis of the key barriers to patient safety on a typical inpatient unit in an acute care hospital (unclear unit values), the fear of punishment for errors, the lack of systematic analysis of mistakes, the complexity of the nurses' work, and inadequate teamwork are presented. Nine practices to overcome these barriers and achieve patient safety are discussed.     

Generalized barriers to entry and economic development

In their catching-up processes, less developed countries face inter-country barriers which hamper their efforts to imitate the technologies of advanced countries. These international barriers to entry can be traced back to differences in the institutions supporting technological advancement and to the physical and intangible resources necessary for the creation of new competences. In less developed countries, these international barriers aggravate the barriers to entry at the sectoral level and, together, they constitute the generalized barriers to entry. In our paper, we extend a model of economic growth by the entry of new sectors by including these international barriers and show how widening development gaps describing the differences in general income and employment trends can emerge in an auto-catalytic process.     

How barriers to international trade affect TFP

We ask how barriers to international trade affect TFP when there are monopoly rights in the import-competing industries. Holmes and Schmitz [1995. Resistance to new technology and trade between areas. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review 19, 2–17] show that without barriers to trade TFP in these industries is as large as possible. We study the general case of finite barriers to trade. We find that binding quotas lead to the use of inefficient technology in the import-competing industries. In addition, finite quotas or tariffs imply that the import-competing industries produce larger than efficient quantities, if they produce at all. For both of these reasons, barriers to international trade reduce TFP.     

Non-tariff barriers to trade in the pacific rim

Abstract. This paper reports the findings of a survey of non-tariff trade barriers (NTBs) that firms in the Pacific Rim region frequently encounter. NTBs are categorized into restrictions on market access, restrictions on personnel movement and transparency of regulatory information. We find that NTBs seem particularly prominent for the region, given the diverse character of the economies there. Many NTBs are implicit in the sense that they restrict trade by cumbersome administrative procedures and by various problems arising from interpreting or implementing government regulations. We further find that NTBs have a significant impact on firms’ production costs, revenue and expansion plans.     

Distance Decay in the Willingness to Pay for Wine: Disentangling Local and Organic Attributes

This paper investigates how the residents of a French wine-producing region value the attributes of wine. We elicit the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for organic/non-organic and local/non-local wines with increasing levels of information on the impact of agricultural practices at both global and local scales. The analysis shows that there is a significant organic premium associated with both local and non-local wines. This organic premium significantly increases with information and significantly decreases with the distance between the consumer’s home and the vineyard. Based on the econometric predictions of the WTP, we show that a per-unit tax on non-organic wines or a standard imposing organic practices increases welfare through the internalization of the attributes revealed by the experiment.     

Study on Chinese enterprises'' internationalization mode and strategy

With the trend of world economic globalization, the enterprises must be influenced by the economic globalization.At the same time, Chinese economy has developed fast and entered WTO. There are opportunities as well as challenges for Chinese enterprises; internationalization is the trend for Chinese enterprises to get more chances to develop. How Chinese enterprises take the multinational operation is a hot topic for both Chinese enterprise sector and academe sector,as well as for the government and all the Chinese people, This paper firstly reviews the multinational operation theories and thoughts of scholars from home and abroad, and describes the necessity for Chinese enterprises to take internationalization road. Combined with the status quo and characteristics of Chinese enterprises' internationalization, it concludes four modes available for Chinese enterprises: low-cost expansion, mergers and acquisitions, OBM and OEM,and analyzes four modes. Finally, it proposes some suggestions and countermeasures from the aspects of enterprises and government according to the problems in the process of Chinese enterprises' internationalization.     

我国园艺产品应对国际贸易壁垒的预警机制研究

本文主要对我国园艺产品出口预警机制建立的必要性以及影响我国园艺产品出口的因素进行分析,包括标准差距、信息不畅、企业的动态调整等方面。同时,针对以上情况,提出了我国建立园艺产品应对国际贸易壁垒预警机制的措施,如构建信息跟踪机制、开发信息发布渠道及建立用户咨询、反馈平台等。     

Skill-upgrading and internationalization: Country-of-origin or end-use of products

The relationship between skill-upgrading and internationalization is addressed by decomposing import after country-of-origin and end-use of products. The break-down after country-of-origin is of crucial importance, implying that international trade with low-wage countries leads to comprehensive skill-upgrading.     

Freedom,barriers to entry,entrepreneurship, and economic progress

While entrepreneurs benefit from unrestricted free entry into markets, they have a time-inconsistent incentive to lobby for government entry restrictions once they become successful. Bad political institutions yield to these demands, and growing barriers are placed on domestic and international competition. Good institutions do not, and this effort is instead channeled toward further wealth creation. We find that productive entrepreneurship depends on both the freedom to succeed and discipline of failure that free markets provide. Trade barriers result in fewer combinations of goods and inputs attempted, and less productive entrepreneurial resource use. We also provide evidence on the value of business failure.

论知识产权贸易壁垒的内涵及其表现形式

知识产权贸易壁垒是基于知识产权保护而采取的阻碍国际贸易自由发展的各种措施.在实践中,知识产权贸易壁垒主要表现为3种形式:知识产权与技术标准相结合形成的贸易壁垒;知识产权边境保护制度形成的贸易壁垒;知识产权滥用形成的贸易壁垒.     

企业品牌国际化中的国家品牌效应

在全球化竞争环境中,民族与国家本身也构成品牌.国家必须累积其品牌资产,提升品牌形象,以吸引外资,发展国际旅游和促进本国产品的出口.在国际市场上,国家品牌与企业品牌间存在着互动关系,强势国家品牌能为本国企业品牌的国际化提供强势价值平台,而企业品牌的成功运营也有助于提升国家品牌形象.我国也应通过实施国家品牌化,为中国企业品牌的国际化提供来自国家层面的价值支持.     

Insurer policies create barriers to health care access and consumer choice

A national survey shows that most insurance companies refuse to credential nurse practitioners in nurse-managed health centers as primary care providers. These prohibitive policies along with weak federal and state laws threaten the long-term sustainability of nurse-managed health centers as safety net health care providers, and the ability for nurse practitioners to become an accepted primary health care source in the United States.     

知识产权型技术贸易壁垒的影响及其规制

技术性贸易壁垒正成为当今世界最重要的贸易壁垒,知识产权与技术标准相结合产生的知识产权型技术贸易壁垒的威力远远超过普通的技术贸易壁垒或者知识产权贸易壁垒.本文对知识产权型技术贸易壁垒的贸易影响进行了简要分析,探讨了目前规制知识产权型技术贸易壁垒的途径.     

Disentangling the wage-productivity relationship: Evidence from select OECD member countries

Conventional theory proposes that firms reward productivity improvements with higher wages. Conversely, efficiency wage theory suggests that wages can induce greater productivity. This paper applies a statistical technique that disentangles the potential bidirectional feedback between wages and productivity. Wage strategies in six industrialized countries with various labor market institutions are examined. Conventional and efficiency wage practices vary systematically across the industrialized countries; these variations are consistent with the expected effects of labor market institutions.     

Disentangling the sources of pro-socially motivated effort: A field experiment

This paper presents evidence from a field experiment, which aims to identify the two sources of workers' pro-social motivation that have been considered in the literature: warm glow altruism and pure altruism. We employ an experimental design that first measures the level of effort exerted by student workers on a data entry task in an environment that elicits purely selfish behavior and we compare it to effort exerted in an environment that also induces warm glow altruism. We then compare the latter to effort exerted in an environment where both types of altruistic preferences are elicited. We find evidence that women increase effort due to warm glow altruism while we do not find any additional impact due to pure altruism. On the other hand, men in our sample are not responsive to any of the treatments.