PERSPECTIVE: The World's Top Innovation Management Scholars and Their Social Capital*

Using 959 articles reflecting the work of 1,179 scholars, this study ranks the world's top scholars in innovation management (IM) on the basis of the number of research articles published across 14 top academic journals in technology and innovation management, marketing, and management between 1990 and 2004. Twenty‐three scholars have at least eight articles in this period. Michael Song has the most (31), followed by Robert Cooper, Roger Calantone, William Souder, and Elko Kleinschmidt, who have published at least 17 articles in the 15‐year period. Surprisingly, the list of schools that either trained or currently employ these top scholars is quite different from Linton's (2004) recent ranking of the top business schools in the management of technology. Guided by social capital theory, the present study analyzes the embeddedness characteristics of IM scholars to determine the extent to which social capital explains scholarly productivity. A current controversy in the social capital literature is the embeddedness characteristics that create social capital. On the one hand, the closure perspective argues that social capital results from strong relational ties with others in a dense, local neighborhood of actors who are relatively disconnected from others. On the other hand, the brokerage perspective argues that social capital is created when actors have relational ties that span these dense, local neighborhoods. The findings in the present study support both perspectives. Furthermore, the results suggest that strategic orientation is a contingency variable that clarifies the conditions in which closure‐ or brokerage‐based embeddedness is appropriate. Specifically, scholars pursuing an entrepreneurial publication strategy are more productive when their relational embeddedness is consistent with the brokerage perspective of social capital creation, whereas scholars pursuing a focused publication strategy are more productive when their relational embeddedness is consistent with the closure perspective of social capital creation. The results have implications for both the IM scholar community and the social capital literature. Whether IM scholars are pursuing an entrepreneurial strategy that capitalizes on emergent knowledge across various theories and perspectives or pursuing a focused strategy by concentrating on gaining deep understanding of a specific stream of research, there are many avenues and opportunities for improving publication performance through the formation of new social capital. Finally, the empirical support for the contingency variable strategic orientation is consistent with recent speculation that both perspectives are important and suggests that future work should focus on further identification and clarification of contingency factors associated with them.     

PERSPECTIVE: Ranking the Technology Innovation Management Journals*

A citation analysis of the 10 leading technology and innovation management (TIM) specialty journals is conducted to gain insights into the relative ranking of the journals. The journals are ranked based on number of citations, citations adjusted for publication frequency, citations corrected for age, citations corrected for self‐citation, and an overall score. The top 50 journals in management of technology based on citation analysis are listed. Overall, the top 10 journals based on citation analysis are Journal of Product Innovation Management, Research Policy, Research‐Technology Management, Harvard Business Review, Strategic Management Journal, Management Science, Administrative Science Quarterly, R&D Management, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, and Academy of Management Review. The top 10 specialty journals in the technology innovation management specialty are Journal of Product Innovation Management, Research Policy, Research‐Technology Management, R&D Management, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, International Journal of Technology Management, Technovation, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, and Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. It is found that many of the TIM journals, although focused on TIM, have additional foci based on traditional management disciplines. Each of the 10 leading TIM specialty journals is considered from the perspective of traditional management disciplines; how the journals relate to each other and the related implications of these findings are considered.     

Commitment to Innovation: The Impact of Top Management Team Characteristics

Many organizational and environmental factors influence a firm's commitment to innovation. Among the organizational factors, the perceptual lens of the top management team and the team's dynamics are posited to have a significant direct impact on the firm's commitment to innovation. This study revisits the classic arguments of Hayes and Abernathy and empirically examines several of their propositions.
The results clearly indicate a positive relationship between the technical orientation of the TMT/CEO and above-average R&D intensity. This effect remains even after controlling for the impact of performance in prior periods and firm diversification. Overall, these results suggest that establishing a high level of commitment to innovation will be promoted or impeded in many organizations because of the predispositions of the CEO and top management team.     

美国《石油情报周刊》公布2000年世界最大50家石油公司排名

美国《石油情报周刊》在调查分析世界120多家大型石油公司的经营数据的基础上，于2001年12月17日公布了根据石油储量、天然气储量、石油产量、天然气产量、石油炼制能力和油品销售量6项指标综合测算排出的世界最大50家石油公司名单。这已是该刊第15年度公布这一排名。在最新公布的排名中，沙特阿拉伯国家石油公司仍高居榜首；中国石油天然气股份有限公司居第9位，首次跻身世界10大石油公司行列。中国石油天然气股份有限公司的油气总储量在世界石油公司中居第15位（其中石油居14位，天然气居第20位），油气总产量居第11位（其中石油和天然气分别居第8和26位），石油炼制能力和油品销售量分别居第9和19位（见表1）。     

高校人力资源管理体系创新初探

高校为了实现战略发展目标,必然需要在人力资源管理体系上不断寻求创新。在分析高校人力资源管理现状的基础上,对高校人力资源管理体系各职能管理内容提出了部分创新建议,如做好人力资源规划工作、加强招聘录用管理、规范教育培训工作、分类进行绩效管理、实现全面薪酬管理等。     

PERSPECTIVE: Ranking Business Schools on the Management of Technology

Current centers of active research on the management of technology and innovation (MOT) are identified through the use of a publication‐based study. This article develops a methodology for ranking centers of MOT research and in doing so identifies 120 centers of MOT research in different parts of the world. Centers of research are identified in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. Detailed assessment is offered for the 21 U.S.‐based schools with three or more active MOT researchers present. The nature and quality of research activity is assessed with a series of 21 metrics. These metrics consider the number of active faculty, the number of publications researchers have in the base journals during the study period, total publication history, MOT publication history, number of equivalent articles, number of pages published, frequency of citations, and a series of metrics that are a combination of two or more of these factors. The assessment identifies four groups of schools that have MOT research capabilities. Schools with substantial research capability are divided into three tiers based on their rankings in different metrics. Each of the schools ranked in the first tier placed first on at least two of the 21 metrics considered in this study. A reasonable argument can be made that any one of the schools ranking in the first tier is the strongest school in terms of MOT research capabilities. These U.S.‐based schools in alphabetical order are Georgia Tech, MIT, Rensselaer, Rutgers, and Stanford. An important point to note is that there are clear differences in research focus between the different first‐tier schools; therefore, it is quite likely that different types of students, faculties, and practitioners will find each of the first‐tier schools most attractive based on personal fit with these differences in specialization. The schools in the second and third tier have substantial MOT research capability. The fourth tier identifies 18 additional U.S.‐based schools that have some capability due to a core of two researchers. This core could be the springboard to a national ranking or a transitory state due to departure of a faculty member. Future research should consider the stability of the results over time and should explore the links among research capabilities, program structure, student output, and placement.     

中国企业管理创新现状与展望——中国企业管理前沿论坛暨山东省管理学学会2007年理事大会观点述评

作为一门新兴学科,管理学在中国理论和实践中存在诸多问题,同时也孕育着巨大的创新潜力。目前,中国企业管理创新主要表现在思想创新和实践创新两个层面。专家学者们在这两个层面上分别对中国公司治理、中国企业制度改革、中国企业管理整体创新特点、现状及发展趋势等具体研究方向提出了独到的见解。总体来看,中国企业管理创新具有研究重点多元化、学术观点多样性的特点。     

世界创新竞争驱动制造业转型的机理与验证

梳理人类工业化进程中的创新史可以看出,世界创新竞争与制造业转型具有历史耦合性。世界创新竞争会从动力驱使、要素注入、竞争互动等方面驱动制造业转型,本文也据此构建了两者内在作用机理的“三维”模型。在此理论模型指导下,本文以10个代表性国家为例,运用面板数据计量方法实证分析了2003～2012年世界创新竞争与制造业转型的关系,结果却显示世界创新竞争与制造业转型之间存在着与理论相悖的负相关关系。表明在过去的创新竞争中,发达国家把创新的重点放在了虚拟经济领域,而发展中国家创新不足导致了制造业领域“创新忽视”和创新资源的稀缺。应以实体经济为基础,积极调整创新战略,充分发挥创新竞争对制造业转型升级的积极作用。     

高级管理人员激励契约研究

本文首次通过收集上市公司披露的高级管理人员激励契约，对我国现阶段高级管理人员激励契约的现状和存在的问题进行了分析和研究。研究发现：我国上市公司中高级管理人员职责不清，容易出现高级管理人员自己给自己制定报酬、考核业绩的现象；我国高级管理人员业绩评价主要依赖财务指标（净利润、利润总额、净资产收益率），非财务指标与主观评价指标在高级管理人员业绩评价中使用较少；高级管理人员的业绩标准主要是董事会制定的预算指标：高级管理人员业绩评价指标的确定比较简单，往往没有考虑高级管理人员操纵会计指标的可能性。以及不可控因素对评价指标的影响。     

Perspective: Leveraging Open Innovation through Paradox

In search of fresh ideas, firms increasingly engage with external contributors in open innovation collaborations. However, research has found that such collaborations frequently fail, and has pointed to conflicting demands of control and openness. On the one hand, firms want controlled and selective participation, clarity of purpose, and a choice of ideas based on their own current capacity and value appropriation strategies. On the other, their external contributors tend to want open and unfettered participation, the creative potential of the idea per se, and unrestricted knowledge sharing. This article proposes to shift the conceptual frame from looking at the tensions between control and openness as problems to looking at them as synergies. Drawing on the literature of open innovation and organizational paradox, this article contributes a novel perspective on open innovation that suggests how firms can leverage open innovation collaborations through paradox by combining practices based on differentiation and integration.     

实现高校资产管理完善创新发展的措施分析

由于受到传统管理模式以及观念的影响,当前,我国高校资产在管理上还存在一些问题,比如:制度不完善,缺乏资产管理意识、资产利用效率不高等。这些问题严重地影响当前高校资产的管理效率,为了更好地保证高校资产的安全性以及完整性,有必要加强对高校资产的管理创新。     

高层管理团队认知研究综述

自1984年Hambrick和Mason提出高层梯队理论以来,学术界掀起了对高层管理团队研究的热潮,近来对高层管理团队认知成为学者们研究的热点并取得了大量的研究成果。通过对这些成果进行综述,探讨认知派别、共享心智模型、社会认知等认知理论对企业战略决策进而对组织绩效的影响,分析已有研究中存在的局限并提出从人力资本的视角,将高层管理团队的认知特征与人力资本的产权与积累状况联系起来,明确高层管理团队认知特征与战略决策之间的作用机制。     

High-Technology Service Innovation Success: A Decision-Making Perspective

Successful innovation is crucial for firm survival in high-technology service industries. This article reports on an empirical study, exploring internal innovation success factors—success factors associated with the innovating firm's competencies—by taking a decision-making perspective. The likelihood of innovation success is associated with the systematic reduction of decision-making uncertainty, as a result of organizational information gathering, diffusion, and processing activities. Effects of interfirm differences are investigated in the new service development phase of the innovation process. Cross-sectional data were collected about 251 innovation projects from companies in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Innovation success is found to be related positively and directly to how well informed and knowledgeable decision-makers are. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that a market orientation contributes as an internal success factor: An organizational climate favorable to information sharing powerfully mediates the positive effects of intelligence gathering with respect to customers and technology. The effects of competitor orientation carry a negative sign, and managerial seniority appears not to play a major role in this turbulent business. Managerial and research implications are provided.     

Perspective: The Applicability of Percolation Theory to Innovation

The spread of innovation is usually characterized as a diffusion process. This article suggests that there may be some value in viewing this important phenomenon in terms of the mathematical construct known as percolation theory. J. Mort writes that phenomena and concepts such as induction periods, critical percolation thresholds, discrete propagation media, site coordination, clusters, and connective constants all have remarkable analogs in the generally observed features of product innovation. This phenomenological perspective, in which the customer emerges naturally as the controlling factor in the spread of innovations, may account for specific marketing approaches that have facilitated successful innovations such as the Xerox 914 copier. The approach may prove especially relevant in describing the spread of certain information, communication-based innovations, such as the explosive growth in facsimile (FAX), and other network-based products, as the utility and value of such products to the customer is inherently linked to the extant degree of connectivity.     

谈谈供应链管理的创新途径与方向

供应链管理是一种全新的经营与运作模式 ,它强调在系统观和整体观的指导下 ,把供应链上的多个节点企业当成一个不可分割的整体 ,通过重新设计业务流程与最杰出的企业建立战略合作关系 ,使核心企业专注于能创造特殊价值的关键性业务 ,从而大大地提高本企业甚至整个供应链的竞争能力。供应链管理的实质就是把整个供应链当作一个整体来对待。供应链管理是企业管理的一个重要组成部分。许多企业投入大量人力与资金 ,以期提高其供应链能力 ,但效果却不尽人意。因此 ,了解供应链管理的主要功能和关键因素探讨供应链管理创新的途径与方向就显得尤为…     

企业自主创新从管理创新开始

中共中央十六届五中全会通过了《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》,着重提出了“必须提高自主创新能力”,并把它作为调整产业结构、转变经济增长方式的中心环节。各地区、各企业积极响应,纷纷提出自主创新的新目标,制定自主创新的新战略。这些现象是可喜的,但是其中也不乏盲目跟进、人云亦云、简单化、运动化的现象。其中对管理基础的支撑和管理创新作用缺乏认识和举措。自主创新是一个系统工程,技术创新、打造自我品牌是其最高目标,而如何实现这一目标则是一个管理工程,涉及方方面面,倘若其中一个环节出现问题,…     

Top Management Involvement in New Product Development: A Review and Synthesis

Established literature on new product development (NPD) management recognizes top management involvement (TMI) as one of the most critical success factors. With increasing pressure to sustain competitive advantage and growth, NPD activities remain the focus of close interest from top management in many organizations. TMI in the NPD domain is receiving increasing academic attention. Despite its criticality, there is no systematic review of the existing literature to inform and stimulate researchers in the field for further investigation. This paper introduces the current state of literature on TMI in NPD, synthesizes important findings, and identifies the gaps and deficiencies in this research stream. The contents of the selected articles, which investigated TMI in NPD, are analyzed based on the type of the study, level of analysis, research methodology, operationalization of TMI, and main findings. Additionally, other studies, which did not directly investigate TMI and support in NPD, but were sufficiently related, are briefly summarized. As a result of this detailed literature review, it can be stated that both exploratory and relational studies provide rich evidence on the critical role of top management in NPD. However, the identified gaps and deficiencies in this research stream call for a better theoretical understanding and well‐defined constructs of TMI in the NPD domain for different levels of analysis for future studies.     

天祥深圳公司荣获“中国自主创新百强企业”称号

1月17日,从创新中国——中国企业创新论坛2009年年会上传来消息,Intertek天祥集团深圳公司凭借其国际影响力及在中国本土经营的先进经验,获得2009年度中国自主创新百强企业殊荣,Intertek成为唯一获此殊荣的第三方检验认证机构。     

2005年最佳商业与管理书籍

不久前,《经济观察报》推选出了10本“2005年最佳商业与管理书籍”,这些书籍分别讨论了当前管理实务界的热门话题,阅读这些富有启迪意义的书籍,可能会帮助我们发现新的市场机会,极大地拓宽我们的视野,为我们提供新的战略思维模式,帮助我们改善领导力和改善具体做事的方式等。本刊在这里对这些书籍作一简要介绍,有兴趣的读者不妨挑选几本来阅读。——编者