Identifying agroecological mixed farming strategies for local conditions in San Antonio de Los Baños,Cuba

Building on previous research at the experimental and national scales, this study was carried out at the local scale over a four-year period on three farms of reference: one specialized dairy farm ‘Vaquería 10’ (33.7 ha) and two mixed farms, ‘Remedio’ (9.4 ha) and ‘La Sarita’ (47 ha). All three farms are located in the San Antonio de Los Baños municipality, Havana, Cuba. This study illustrates the application of the Ecological Framework for the Assessment of Sustainability (ECOFAS). This methodology consists of a cyclical structure of six steps, aimed at guiding the process of implementing innovative mixed (crop–livestock) farming strategies. Local stakeholders (farmers, researchers, extension officers and representatives of the ministry of agriculture in the municipality) identified alternative strategies for agriculture in the region, based on the critical technological, environmental and socio-economic factors constraining the current performance of farming systems. The results show that implementation of ‘best practice’ mixed farming systems management strategies in the region potentially can lead to a strong positive impact on land productivity, food self-sufficiency as well as improve socio-economic performance.     

More than energy transformations: a historical transition from organic to industrialized farm systems in a Mediterranean village (Les Oluges,Catalonia, 1860–1959–1999)

The analysis of energy efficiency of agroecosystems from a sociometabolic perspective is a useful way to assess the sustainability of farm systems. In this paper we examine the transition of a Mediterranean agroecosystem from an organic farm system in the mid nineteenth century to an industrialized one at the end of the twentieth century by means of the technologies and ideology of the Green Revolution. Given that many of the world’s agricultural systems have experienced, or are currently experiencing this transformation, our results are relevant for building more sustainable agricultural systems in future. Our results highlight the relevance of livestock density, and the flows of biomass reused and unharvested biomass as key elements affecting the sustainability of the agroecosystem not only from a socioeconomic perspective, but also from an agroecological point of view. Additionally, from a biocultural perspective our investigation sustains the relevance of the study of traditional farm systems for the development of a sustainable agriculture.     

农村环境污染治理:困境与出路

近年来,农村环境问题日益凸显,主要表现为村庄污染、农业污染和工业污染。农村环境问题已引起党和政府的高度重视,将其作为社会主义新农村和美丽乡村建设的首要问题。但目前农村环境治理存在重末端,轻源头;重城镇,轻农村;重治理,轻监管;重投入,轻绩效;重政府,轻社会等方面的困境。文章建议:可通过末端治理与源头并重,健全农村环境保护法律法规,推进环境保护宣传教育,治理与监管双重齐下,推动多元主体协同治理等探寻农村环境治理的出路,推动美丽乡村和生态文明建设。     

低碳视觉下我国煤炭、石油与可再生能源的替代

[目的]使用1970~2013年时间序列数据,分析了低碳情景下我国煤炭、石油与可再生能源的消费替代。[方法与结果]单位根检验显示各变量是一阶单整Ⅰ(1)。Johansen协整检验说明变量之间存在着协整关系。FMOLS回归表明,GDP、煤炭消费和石油消费会提高CO2排放量,可再生能源消费会降低CO2排放量。长期内,GDP、煤炭、石油、可再生能源消费与CO2排放之间存在着双向的Granger因果关系。短期内,可再生能源消费与GDP、CO2排放之间存在着双向Granger因果关系。煤炭、石油消费是可再生能源消费的单向Granger原因。GDP是煤炭消费、CO2排放的单向Granger原因。石油消费是GDP的单向Granger原因。广义预测误差方差分解显示,实行从煤炭、石油消费到可再生能源的燃料替代将会降低环境污染,提高环境可持续性。[结论]基于上述实证研究,提出建立激励机制,实现可再生能源对煤炭、石油的替代,转变能源消费结构,降低煤炭和石油消费比例,开发利用可再生能源,为可再生能源的发展建立硬性约束,提高环境可持续性等建议。     

中国水土流失治理的成就及其效益分析

综合评析中华人民共和国成立以来中国水土流失治理取得的成就和效益及其区域差异,结果表明,我国水土流失治理的成就呈现3大特征:①治理面积递增,治理速度加快;②治理范围扩大;③治理成就存在区域差异:中国水土流失主要集中在中西部地区,但水土流失治理最快的是东部地区。治理效益方面,通过水土流失治理,每年减少土壤侵蚀15亿t,增加蓄水能力250多亿m3,增产粮食180亿kg。水土流失治理整体效益明显,但治理效益存在区域差异:南方水土保持措施的保水量大,占全国水土保持措施保水总量的40.9%,西北地区水土保持措施的保土量大,占全国水土保持措施保土总量的57.2%。水土流失治理的投资效益也存在区域差异:东北水土保持措施的投资效益比最高,依次为华北、西南、南方和西北地区。并由此提出水土流失治理的建议:政府重视和善治,善治的方略应涵盖政策制度、法律法规、组织机构、科学技术等方面的改革。     

Functional Land Management for managing soil functions: A case-study of the trade-off between primary productivity and carbon storage in response to the intervention of drainage systems in Ireland

Globally, there is growing demand for increased agricultural outputs. At the same time, the agricultural industry is expected to meet increasingly stringent environmental targets. Thus, there is an urgent pressure on the soil resource to deliver multiple functions simultaneously. The Functional Land Management framework (Schulte et al., 2014) is a conceptual tool designed to support policy making to manage soil functions to meet these multiple demands. This paper provides a first example of a practical application of the Functional Land Management concept relevant to policy stakeholders. In this study we examine the trade-offs, between the soil functions ‘primary productivity’ and ‘carbon cycling and storage’, in response to the intervention of land drainage systems applied to ‘imperfectly’ and ‘poorly’ draining managed grasslands in Ireland. These trade-offs are explored as a function of the nominal price of ‘Certified Emission Reductions’ or ‘carbon credits’. Also, these trade-offs are characterised spatially using ArcGIS to account for spatial variability in the supply of soil functions.To manage soil functions, it is essential to understand how individual soil functions are prioritised by those that are responsible for the supply of soil functions – generally farmers and foresters, and those who frame demand for soil functions – policy makers. Here, in relation to these two soil functions, a gap exists in relation to this prioritisation between these two stakeholder groups. Currently, the prioritisation and incentivisation of these competing soil functions is primarily a function of CO₂ price. At current CO₂ prices, the agronomic benefits outweigh the monetised environmental costs. The value of CO₂ loss would only exceed productivity gains at either higher CO₂ prices or at a reduced discount period rate. Finally, this study shows large geographic variation in the environmental cost: agronomic benefit ratio. Therein, the Functional Land Management framework can support the development of policies that are more tailored to contrasting biophysical environments and are therefore more effective than ‘blanket approaches’ allowing more specific and effective prioritisation of contrasting soil functions.     

农村环境治理问题与对策调查分析——以天水市杨王村为例

本文针对农村环境治理中存在的突出问题,对天水市杨王村进行了实地调查,发现以下几方面的特点:村民的不理解、不配合、治理资金的匮乏、治理主体责任划分模糊以及缺乏长效的监督管理机制是当前所面临的突出问题,文章对存在的问题进行原因分析,提出了如下建议,我们应不断提高环境保护意识,领导干部要积极树立榜样,建立合理的奖惩机制,积极筹措资金不断完善环境治理体系的建设,以保障美丽乡村目标的实现。     

多元路径共趋：社会资本参与生态保护修复的组态分析

研究目的：系统剖析社会资本参与生态保护修复的前因条件与组态路径,为优化政策设计、推动生态保护修复市场化供给提供策略建议。研究方法：结合推拉锚定理论构建社会资本参与生态保护修复的理论分析框架,并运用模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）方法分析社会资本参与生态保护修复的多种组态。研究结果：（1）各维度下的单一条件并非社会资本参与生态保护修复的必要条件,社会资本参与生态保护修复是多条件相互交织作用的结果;（2）社会资本参与生态保护修复的组态路径可归纳为经济效益导向型、环境规制驱动型和复合条件协同型三种组态类型;（3）投资回报机制和环境规制是社会资本参与生态保护修复的普遍性重要条件。研究结论：社会资本参与生态保护修复的组态路径呈现显著的差异性,经济效益导向型注重优化生态保护修复项目的投资回报机制,环境规制驱动型强调强化环境规制的强度及政府监管,复合条件协同型则发挥环境规制、公众关注和投资回报机制的互动协同作用,推动社会资本参与生态保护修复。     

Economic indicators of sustainable forest management: theory versus practice

There appears to be a divergence between the conceptual literature in economics on forest sustainability indicators and the practical literature on economic indicators of sustainable forest management. The former focuses on forest resource accounts and issues related to measurement of integrated natural or forest capital accounts. The latter includes some elements of capital accounts but also contains a variety of other community level economic activity indicators. The divergence between these two bodies of literature is evaluated in this paper. Some explanations for the differences are offered as are some suggestions for improvement and investigation in the area of economic sustainability indicators.     

强化农业资源持续利用工作 积极推动区域农业协调发展

文章回顾和总结了2013年全国农业资源区划工作,全面分析了当前及今后一个时期农业资源区划工作面临的新形势、新任务,围绕农业资源利用、环境治理、生态建设等方面认真研讨了农业可持续发展问题,同时研究部署了2014年农业资源区划工作。文章认为,2013年全国农业资源区划系统主动适应农业和农村经济发展的新形势、新要求,充分发挥资源区划基础性、前瞻性和综合性作用,紧扣\"三农\"发展需求,开展了大量卓有成效的工作。如2013年农业资源区划系统完成的7项规划的编制、改善农村人居环境、10项专题调研等。文章指出,当前,随着农业农村经济的深入发展,内外部环境发生了深刻变化,各种矛盾和深层次制约更加突出,已到了不深化改革就无以为继的阶段。文章就农业资源约束与国家粮食安全、农业环境污染与建设生态友好型农业、生态系统破坏与农业可持续发展等一系列重大问题进行了深入分析,提出2014年农业资源区划的工作重点是:深化农业区划研究、加强农业资源综合管理、强化资源环境监测,强调农业资源区划工作要紧紧围绕中国特色农业现代化道路的要求,以农业可持续发展为主线,遵循\"农业资源监测评价—战略研究—区域规划—试点示范\"工作路线和工作重点,以优化资源配置、促进资源永续利用、推动区域农业协调发展为基本途径,推动生态友好型农业发展,不断开创资源区划工作新局面。     

以“三区三线”深化落实主体功能区战略的理论思考与路径探索

研究目的：提出以“三区三线”为载体深化落实新时期主体功能区战略的重点路径。研究方法：运用归纳演绎法和文献资料法,探讨主体功能区战略内涵及价值,在揭示主体功能区和国土空间规划的尺度传导原理基础上,解析“三区三线”的效用及实施路径。研究结果：发挥主体功能区在国土空间开发保护的战略性、基础性和约束性规划作用,已成为健全新时期国土空间规划体系的主题和主线;“三区三线”是主体功能区在国土空间规划体系降尺度传导的重要内容。研究结论：以“三区三线”深化落实主体功能区战略的重点如下：将“双评价”作为国土空间规划科学性的基本保障并贯穿规划方案研制各环节;遵循主体功能区战略的新理念和新格局,构建不同功能指向下的高质量区域发展模式;以“三区三线”集成方案为基础形成国土空间规划的基本底图;自上而下与自下而上相结合实现各层级“三区三线”体系化;抓住关键阈值参数实现国土空间用途管控准则的升降尺度传导;聚焦国土空间治理关键点强化政策配套,实施国土空间开发保护动态监测和精准评估。     

Is Australia on a sustainability path? Interpreting the clues*

Genuine savings is a conceptually valid one‐sided indicator as to whether Australia is on a weak sustainability path (negative GS would warn that current welfare is unsustainable). The World Bank's adjusted net savings (ANS) data summarise the available evidence, and by this indicator Australia is muddling along, at best. ANS misses some important pieces of the picture – net depletion of water, soil and biodiversity, and most kinds of pollution damage – and thus overstates Australia's genuine savings performance. Weak sustainability can be promoted by getting the prices right, and piecemeal efforts are underway via regulatory approaches and resource/environmental markets of various kinds. Nevertheless, particular resource problems – habitat conservation, biodiversity, climate change and dryland salinity – are likely to also require strong sustainability approaches. A sustainable future involves pushing weak sustainability as far as the body politic permits, invoking precautionary instruments for specific resource crises, and nurturing policy processes that encourage the consensus‐building that will be necessary to get it done.     

构建我国天然林管理多级治理模式研究

由于我国现行政策的设计、执行和实施不能有效地对天然林实施管理,因此就不能从根源上解决天然林保护与保护地经济发展的矛盾,因而呈现出无效化特征,表现在不同主体之间利益划分的不一致性和政府管理的高度集中。改变现存问题的突破点在于构建基于不同利益主体环境权益的管理制度,让第三方参与天然林管理的多级治理模式,从而促进我国天然林资源保护的可持续性。