我国农作物秸秆利用生态补偿制度探索与实践

目的 农作物秸秆综合利用通过生态系统内物质循环实现养分高效利用。系统总结国内外秸秆利用补偿政策,可为创设适合我国秸秆综合利用的生态补偿政策提供借鉴与参考,调动各方开展秸秆利用的积极性,促进生态的可持续发展。方法 文章通过分析国内外秸秆利用补偿政策,系统梳理秸秆利用生态补偿方面的研究与探索实践,对我国秸秆利用生态补偿制度的创设提出针对性建议。结果 我国秸秆综合利用政策正在逐步完善,初步形成了一定的政策框架体系。但与发达国家相比,我国主要通过行政手段推进农作物秸秆综合利用,参与主体和方式较为单一,需结合法律、政策和经济手段,构建一种市场化的生态补偿机制。结论 建议我国在未来的秸秆还田生态补偿工作中,要建立利益驱动和政策导向机制,加强政策法规建设、扩大补偿内容、完善配套支持政策、开展多形式宣传引导,推动秸秆利用高质量发展。     

农业科技资源与农业经济发展的关系研究——以东部地区为例

农业科技资源是实现农业经济发展方式转变和农业经济可持续发展的重要因素,发展现代农业也迫切需要将农业科技资源与农业经济的发展有机结合起来。文章以研究农业科技资源与农业经济的关系为出发点,首先分析经济视角下农业的发展模式,了解到农业是温室气体的排放源之一,因此采用低耗能、低排放和零污染的发展模式对农业经济发展进行改造,实现农业的生产离不开科技资源,引用高科技技术、设备对促进农业经济发展至关重要。其次利用灰色关联度分析法对农业科技与农业经济之间的关联关系进行评价研究,从农业科技授予专利数量、农业新品种的数量以及农业科技论文数量等角度阐述科技对于农业经济发展的重要性及影响力,指出其为促进农业经济增长的先决条件,为实现农业化发展、改善农业发展结构提供科技保障。     

农业生态补偿：内涵、要素特征与政策创设

目的 农业生态补偿是促进农业生态价值实现最重要的政策工具之一。现有研究对于农业生态补偿的范围、适用条件、合理的政策设计等缺乏系统分析。方法 文章基于文献综述、理论分析以及国际经验借鉴等分析方法,系统梳理了农业生态补偿的概念和内涵演进,总结了农业生态补偿的核心要素和适用条件,在梳理农业外部性特征基础上提出农业生态补偿的政策框架设计,分析目前存在的问题和局限,在此基础上提出了农业生态补偿政策改进的关键措施。结果 提出构建“城镇补农村、工业补农业、政府补农户、销区补产区、中央补产区”的五位一体生态补偿机制,根据农业具有的外部性属性和外溢对象,提出农业生态补偿的政策框架。结论 提出对标WTO补贴规则,推进农业财政资金绿色化和生态化,加强补偿标准设计的科学性,推动农业生态补偿的市场化和多元化等政策建议。     

穆藕初的农业教育思想

著名实业家穆藕初曾系统接受西方农科教育，深知农业教育对发展农业的重要性。他强调农业人才的培养要把提高质量放在首位，注重专才教育；农业人才的训练以能刻苦耐劳、有丰富的农学知识和充足的农事经验为准则。他还对农民的文化素质和技能培养问题表示了极大的关注；呼吁农业人才躬赴乡村，通过各种途径，以灵活多样的形式在农民中进行文化知识、农业科学知识和生产技术的普及教育。     

北京农村区域经济差异分析

随着我国农业经济的稳步发展,农业基础设施投入不足、劳动力逐渐向城市转移以及农村土地逐渐细碎化等问题导致农村区域的经济发展水平落后于城区,且区域之间的发展也存在较大差异。文章以北京市13个郊区县为研究对象,从农村人口结构、农作物播种面积、农业观光园、民俗旅游、设施农业生产、乡镇企业等6个主要经济指标比较分析了各区县之间的经济发展情况,并分析了造成区域经济差异的主要原因,提出了今后的发展对策及建议,以期为北京市农村区域经济的协调发展提供一定的借鉴。     

Land Distribution and International Agricultural Productivity

The unequal distribution of agricultural land is often cited as a source of inefficiency in agriculture. Previous cross-country studies of agricultural productivity differences, though, have not considered land inequality. This article addresses this issue by using cross-country data on inequality in operational holdings of agricultural land from Deininger and Squire (1998) . In an estimation of an agricultural production function, the Gini coefficient for land holdings is found to have a significant negative relationship with productivity. This is consistent with the existence of heterogeneity in productivity by farm size within countries. A one standard deviation drop in the Gini coefficient implies an increase in productivity of 8.5%.     

退耕还林工程经济可持续分析及后续政策研究

以陕西省为例,利用2005年和2003年中国科学院农业政策研究中心(CCAP)对陕西省退耕地区进行的农户抽样调查数据,对样本农户的家庭基本特征及其收入情况等进行了定量分析;阐明了补贴政策存在缺陷、剩余劳动力转移滞后、生态工程为政府主导型、科技投入不足等工程存在的问题,并对其经济可持续性进行了分析;从建立粮食安全保障机制、完善后续产业发展政策、建立科技支撑机制、完善林权制度、积极构建监督机制等方面对退耕还林后续政策进行研究。     

农业科技创新对农业绿色全要素生产率的空间效应分析

文章通过数据包络模型测算2013-2018年我国31个省的农业绿色全要素生产率,剖析其时空分布演进特征,在测算结果基础上构建空间杜宾模型,探讨农业科技创新对农业绿色全要素生产率的空间溢出效应。研究发现:2013-2018年全国农业绿色全要素生产率空间分异与集聚特征明显;本省农业科技创新显著促进了农业绿色全要素生产率的提升,而其辐射作用阻碍了周边省的农业绿色全要素生产率的提高。研究结果对于深化完善农业科技创新机制、提升农业科技教育水平、创新农业科技推广模式具有现实意义。     

Assessing a farm's sustainability: insights from resilience thinking

Research on sustainability in agriculture often focuses on reducing the environmental impacts of production systems. However, environmentally friendly production methods may not be sufficient to ensure the long-term economic and social sustainability of a farm. Taking a systems approach to sustainable farming, we turn to resilience thinking with its focus on the interdependence of social and ecological systems. We apply this approach to farming by conceptualizing a farm as being part of a set of systems spanning several spatial scales and including agro-ecological, economic and political-social domains. These subsystems interact and are subjected to their own complex dynamics. Within such a complex adaptive system, farm sustainability can only be achieved through adaptability and change. To be ready for the inevitable periods of turbulent change, a farmer needs to retain diversity and redundancy to ensure adaptability. Resilience is thus more likely to emerge when farmers hone the capacity to transform the farm, when farm production is attuned to the local ecological carrying capacity, and when learning and innovation are targeted outcomes. This article shows how resilience theory applied to farming may provide a more comprehensive route to achieving sustainability and offers rules of thumb as guides to building farm resilience.     

近10年广西农业生产效率与全要素生产率时空演变与驱动因素分析

目的 在全球努力实现联合国可持续发展目标背景下,综合评价近10年广西农业生产效率、农业全要素生产率及其时空演化特征,解析其驱动因子,为提高广西农业生产效率提供支持,为广西可持续发展目标评价提供依据。方法 文章基于2008—2017年广西14个地级市农业生产投入与产出数据,运用数据包络分析（DEA）、Malmquist指数和Tobit模型,评价广西农业生产效率与农业全要素生产率及其时空演变特征,解析其驱动因素。结果 （1）近10年广西农业生产效率水平较低,研究期间总体表现为DEA无效且规模收益递减;空间差异大,各市农业生产效率呈现不同的时间变化特征,仅梧州市、北海市和钦州市一直处于农业生产效率DEA有效。（2）广西农业全要素生产率（TFP）呈波动增长态势,技术进步是农业全要素生产率增长的主要驱动力;桂东北（桂林市、梧州市、贵港市）、桂南（北海市、防城港市、钦州市）是广西农业全要素生产率较高的地区。（3）农业生产效率影响因素中,耕地有效灌溉率、农业科技是促进因素,与农业生产效率呈显著正相关;单位面积化肥施用强度、政府投入、单位耕地农机动力是限制因素,与农业生产效率呈显著负相关;技术进步、纯技术效率和规模效率是农业全要素生产率提升的促进因素。结论 近10年,广西农业生产效率与全要素生产率整体较低,时空差异大;应增加农业科技投入,增强农业基础设施建设,提高规模化水平,以提升广西农业生产效率。     

我国农林高等院校科技资源配置效率动态分析

基于2001-2011年我国高等农林院校的相关统计数据,运用DEA方法对我国高等农林院校的科技资源配置效率进行测度,结果表明：我国高等农林院校科技资源配置效率总体水平较高,但是不同的年份存在由于科技经费投入不足导致的资源配置效率不合理的现象。提出了提高我国农林高等院校的科技资源配置效率需要市场、政府和社会三种配置方式相互联动的建议。     

Multi-year assessment of Unilever's progress towards agricultural sustainability II: outcomes for peas (UK), spinach (Germany,Italy), tomatoes (Australia,Brazil, Greece,USA), tea (Kenya,Tanzania, India) and oil palm (Ghana)

The foods, home and personal care company, Unilever, is a large user of raw materials from agriculture, and a major buyer of goods on world markets. The continued supply of these materials is seen as an important component in the business's long-term success. The company has a long history of seeking to farm responsibly on company farms and for directly contracted raw materials, but it became clear that an approach based solely on suppliers' good agricultural practice would not safeguard supplies where increasing social and environmental pressures on agriculture were growing, or where increasing consumer concerns about the food chain could undermine markets and brands. Both threats suggested the need for a more radical approach. This resulted in the development of a mission statement, the agreement of four principles for sustainable agriculture, the identification of ten sustainable agriculture indicators (later 11), and the selection of five key crops the sustainable supply of which was significant to the company.

This paper summarizes progress towards the sustainable supply of these crops by reporting on selected sustainability indicators for the crops (peas, spinach, tomatoes, tea and oil palm) in 11 countries. Some of the businesses using these products have been subsequently sold, but these are reported here because the aim is to explore how responsive are different indicators of sustainability to management action in different crops in widely differing locations. This paper focuses on a selection of findings for each of the 10 indicators, in order to illustrate the extent of changes that have been observed over time. These also indicate some of the difficulties faced in making improvements on the ground. The gathering of data on sustainability indicators is closely tied to the development of alternative practices that should quickly deliver improvements in a variety of outcomes. An assessment is also made of the key changes that have occurred for each of the main five crops as a result of adopting the sustainability indicator system and associated new management practices.

Multi-year assessments were conceived as the way to understand and demonstrate progress towards more sustainable agriculture. The important developments were of systems that combined ensuring that agricultural suppliers performed to an acceptable set of criteria, and then had the capacity and willingness to identify the most critical areas where further progress was required. The challenge for the company is now to encourage others to adopt their approach to making supply chains more sustainable, both for their customers and the consumers of their branded goods.     

Land Reform for Peace? Rwanda's 2005 Land Law in Context

A decade ago, Rwanda embarked on a major land reform programme. The government envisaged a new land law, supported by a land policy, and claimed that the new tenure system would contribute to enhancing food production, social equity and the prevention of conflict. The Land Law was finally passed in the summer of 2005. The UK Department for International Development (DFID) has taken on significant responsibility for monitoring the reform programme. This article provides a contextualized reading of the new Law. It argues that its emphasis on the obligation to consolidate fragmented family plots and register them will exacerbate social tension, but that some of the potential for social strife may be reduced because the state will allow flexibility in how the Land Law is implemented.     

六盘水市农业科技园区发展现状、问题及路径选择

我国存在粮食短缺、环境污染及资源匮乏等问题,这些问题使得传统的粗放型农业生产方式面临极大的挑战,故向集约、高效的现代化生产方向转变成为我国农业发展的必然趋势。目前,以农业高新技术为支撑的农业科技园区对于地区农业产业的发展起到积极的辐射带动作用。文章从投资情况、经营效益及主导产业发展情况、经营主体培育现状等3个方面对六盘水市农业科技园区发展现状进行分析,发现其在管理模式及水平、基础设施建设、运营资金管理、农业产业化发展、人才引进与培养、市场化体系建设等6方面存在问题,从而针对这些问题构建出具有六盘水特色的、省内一流、国内领先的现代高效农业科技园区发展思路,提出发展山地特色高效生态农业及立体农业、延伸园区产业链并发展品牌农业、园区经营模式多元化发展等3条发展路径,以期为六盘水市农业科技园区的下一步建设工作提供参考,并为其它地区农业产业化发展提供借鉴。     

Reflexive Interdisciplinary Research: The Making of a Research Programme on the Rural Economy and Land Use

This paper provides an account of the origins and formation of the UK Research Councils’ Rural Economy and Land Use (RELU) programme and its approach to promoting interdisciplinary working between social and natural scientists. The programme is set in the context of broader developments in science policy, including a policy discourse centred upon sustainable development and the knowledge economy and associated demands for greater accountability in science. Interdisciplinarity promises research that will be more relevant and responsive to public needs and concerns. In describing the provenance of the RELU programme, therefore, the paper seeks to lay out the different stages in its initiation and design to show how, to varying degrees, these were open to external scrutiny and influence. The process of developing the programme illustrates that it is not straightforward to make research agendas and funding more transparent and accountable. It also provides insights into the challenges that interdisciplinarity and accountability present to established science institutions.     

Agro-Manufactured Export Prices, Wages and Unemployment

This article estimates the impacts of world agricultural trade liberalization on wages and unemployment in Argentina in the presence of individual labor supply responses and adjustment costs in labor demand. After a 10% increase in agro-manufactured export prices, I find that: ( a ) the employment probability would increase by 1.36 percentage points, matched by a decline in the unemployment probability of 0.75 percentage points and an increase in labor market participation of 0.61 percentage points; ( b ) the unemployment rate would decline by 1.23 percentage points; ( c ) expected wages would increase by 10.3%, mostly due to higher employment probabilities.