秸秆发电的环境价值分析

秸秆资源是清洁能源。对秸秆发电的环境影响进行了评价,相对于煤电评估了秸秆发电的减排污染物的环境价值。通过秸秆发电环境价值评价,认为秸秆发电具有减排污染物0.064416元/kWh的环境价值,发展秸秆发电有显著的环境效益和经济效益。     

生物质秸秆收集成本研究及实证分析

生物质能技术在我国已经有了越来越多的应用。对于以生物质秸秆为主要生产原料的企业而言,其产品的成本受生物质秸秆收集成本的影响很大,控制生物质秸秆的收集成本在可接受的范围之内是企业所必须要加以解决的问题。本文通过应用定积分微元分析法,对给定环境下生物质秸秆的收集成本的计算进行了推导,建立了数学模型。最后,本文考察了在山东省应用生物质气化发电技术（Biomass Gasification and Power Generation,缩写BGPG）的收集成本情况。     

生物质气化混燃发电气化炉系统自动控制研究

生物质气化混燃发电,是生物质能与常规化石能源互补利用的有效方式,还可控制SO2、NOX、N2O和CO等甚至有毒污染物的排放量.而在整个生物质气化混燃发电系统中,气化炉是生物质气化工艺中最核心的设备,其自动控制技术又是系统能否稳定高效运行、原料能否高效、清洁利用的关键因素.本文就是在既定生物质气化装备的基础上,结合"生物质能气化+煤"耦合式发电工艺需求,从生物质气化原理出发,针对影响气化特性的因素和"生物质能气化+煤"耦合式发电应用展开控制研究,并给出了生物质气化混燃发电气化炉环节的自动控制设计.     

十里泉秸秆发电项目社会效益研究

秸秆发电集社会、经济、环境效益于一体,但在目前的财税政策下,发电的财务指标远低于超临界600MW及以上煤电机组发电项目,因此科学评价秸秆发电社会效益已成为亟待解决的问题。本文从社会经济、环境、生态、自然资源和项目社会适应性层面,利用投入产出技术和对比法进行定量测算,结果发现虽然十里泉秸秆发电替代燃煤发电带来地方GDP减少904万元,但却给当地带来近千人的就业效应,每年为当地减少近3000万的环境成本等。     

秸秆发电技术前景分析

秸秆发电,是以农作物秸秆为主要燃料的一种发电方式.秸秆已经被认为是新能源中最具开发利用规模的一种绿色可再生能源,推广秸秆发电,将具有重要意义.本文首先阐述了国内外秸秆发电技术的发展现状及秸秆发电技术的优势,结合我国的实际情况,对我国秸秆发电技术的前景进行了分析.     

压块燃料燃烧排放PM_(2.5)对人体肺上皮细胞的毒性研究

生物质压块燃料是由秸秆等廉价农业剩余物压缩碳化成型制成的一种相对清洁的燃料,但其燃烧后的排放物对人体肺部组织的影响及作用机制尚不明确.基于此,本项目对玉米秸秆和花生壳压块燃料燃烧后所排放的PM2.5对人体肺上皮细胞潜在的毒性进行了研究.     

秸秆原料竞争的博弈分析——基于宿州的案例

近年来,由于电力与纸品市场需求高速增长以及这两个产业中新技术的出现,带动了秸秆发电和草浆造纸产业的飞速发展。但是在大力提倡秸秆发电的同时却忽略了一个重要的制约因素,就是秸秆发电和草浆造纸产业对于秸秆原料的竞争,会造成秸秆电厂的原料供应不足。在对安徽省宿州市的两个产业发展状况调查的基础上,从产业经济学的角度出发,构建了一个包括秸秆供应商、秸秆电厂和造纸厂三方在内的博弈模型,阐明了秸秆电厂和造纸厂之间关于秸秆原料的竞争机制。同时,运用不同的参数组合,模拟了3种情景,以及两个产业发生原料竞争的问题。     

江苏沿海地区秸秆发电路径研究

秸秆发电,是江苏沿海地区新能源产业带建设的重要内容之一。文章分析了江苏沿海地区发展秸秆发电的现实意义、资源优势及其制约因素。在此基础上,提出该地区发展秸秆发电的路径。     

生物质发电产业的春天来了

生物质发电是利用生物质所具有的生物质能进行的发电,是可再生能源发电的一种,包括农林废弃物直接燃烧发电、农林废弃物气化发电、垃圾焚烧发电、垃圾填埋气发电、沼气发电。生物质发电起源于20世纪70年代,当时,世界性的石     

燃煤发电生命周期评价体系的构建

为了有效地分析与改善燃煤发电的环境影响,需要建立一套科学的体系,以便对燃煤发电进行较为全面的环境影响分析。通过目标与范围确定、清单分析、影响评价、资源消耗成本与外部环境成本核算、结果解释等五个部分,拓展了燃煤发电生命周期评价体系,为燃煤发电环境影响以及由环境影响而带来的成本问题提供了新的分析思路,并有利于促进燃煤发电的可持续发展。     

我国火力发电行业SO2排放许可限值约束作用研究

2017年,我国环保部门完成了火力发电等行业的排污许可证的核发,对我国建设排污权交易制度和实现“一证式”环境管理体制具有重要意义。围绕排污许可证中污染物的排放许可限值展开研究,应用脱钩原理对我国2003—2017年火力发电行业SO2排放与经济增长之间的脱钩关系进行分析,并基于脱钩理论,结合灰色预测方法GM(1,1)并运用情景假设法分析评价了排污许可证对我国2018—2020年火力发电行业SO2排放的约束作用强弱及其合理性,并提出建议。     

基于产业生态学的菜籽油生物柴油对能源及环境的影响分析

运用生命周期评价方法对菜籽油生物柴油的能源效率及环境效益进行了系统评价。研究结果表明,生物柴油比石化柴油具有更高的能量净值,能量输出远大于能量输入;使用生物柴油降低了温室气体和CO、HC、NOx等空气污染物的排放,并减少了对水体和土壤的污染,这说明生物柴油的可再生性及环保性具有良好的生态效益。     

碳排放约束下的发电技术选择——以PC发电和IGCC发电为例

以两种发电技术——PC发电和IGCC发电为例,研究了在碳排放约束下发电企业的技术选择问题。结果表明:当碳排放价格处于低位时,PC发电的投资价值仍优于IGCC发电;随着碳排放价格的提高,IGCC发电的投资价值将超过PC发电,因此投资PC发电极可能是短视的;当企业投资CCS技术后,投资IGCC发电可能使企业拥有氢能源转换期权,该期权能激励投资IGCC发电的企业更早投资CCS技术。最后,基于破坏性创新理论,进一步论证了投资PC发电可能是短视行为的原因。     

SWEEA—Swedish environmental and economic accounts

As part of the Swedish effort at integrating economic and environmental issues, Statistics Sweden has developed a system of physical environmental accounts. The system is based on the concept of satellite accounts which supplement the traditional national accounts. Here, Statistics Sweden focuses on the chain linking natural resources to economic activities and emissions. Current projects include the use of energy and the emission of pollutants, statistics on waste generation and recycling, and accounts for phosphorus and nitrogen flows. Attention is also paid to improvements of data on expenditures on environmental protection.     

The industrial life cycle of wind energy electrical power generation: ARI methodology modeling of life cycle dynamics

This innovation assessment addresses the factors that have influenced the exceptionally lengthy industrial technology life cycle of wind electrical power generation since its inception in the late 19th Century. It then applies the recently developed Accelerated Radical Innovation (ARI) Model to understand the dynamics of this innovation compared to those of other major 18th-20th Century innovations.Despite market pull in the late 19th Century to link small DC electrical generators with hundreds of thousands of existing wind mills used for mechanical water pumping, several factors prevented this from happening. These include the intermittent nature of wind electrical generation requiring low cost battery storage and DC-AC conversion, and the shift in the 1890s from DC to superior AC electrical generation making possible economies of scale for delivering AC electricity long distances over the grid from large hydroelectric and coal fired plants. As a consequence, wind generated electricity remained primarily a technological development until the first energy crisis in the 1970s.Development of an extensive science and technology base for wind turbine dynamics, and deployment since 2000 of commercial scale wind turbines (> 1MW) have elevated wind electrical power generation to commercial practicality, as described in two earlier papers by the authors applying technical cost modeling and experience curve projections of cost of energy (COE) to explore the economic viability of large scale wind electricity generation.. Strongly promoted by wind energy communities of practice in Europe, North America and Asia, normative COE projections suggest that by 2020 wind electrical power will be cost competitive, without tax incentives, with electricity from conventional fossil and nuclear fuel sources.Overcoming technological, business, market, societal, networking and political hurdles to date has required 120years of development to establish wind electricity generation as a breakthrough innovation with the capability to capture 20% of the world electricity market by the mid-to-late 21st Century. Further growth and maturation is expected to continue to 2100, corresponding to a projected ≅ 210year overall industry life cycle at market saturation. This finding has profound implications for innovation theory and practice, since the length of this life cycle exceeds by a factor of ≅ 4 the average life cycle diagnosed for five industrial revolutions and four key 20th Century innovations. The new ARI model provides a holistic approach to understanding the dynamics of the industrial technology life cycle for a wide variety of radical innovations as well as wind electrical power.     

Environmental regulation of a power investment in an international market

We examine the optimal environmental regulation of three Norwegian power projects: energy conservation, a natural gas fired CCGT and a new hydro project. All projects reduce emissions elsewhere in the Nordic region, and the environmental costs of these emissions are not, in general, fully reflected in market prices. We develop a theory of second best optimal regulation for this case. The optimal regulation is found to deviate substantially from a purely domestic regulation. For instance, we find it optimal to grant a substantial credit to energy conservation. The credit is sensitive to the value of reduced CO₂ emissions and whether the current Norwegian end user tax should be interpreted as an environmental or a fiscal tax.     

Portfolio risk management and carbon emissions valuation in electric power

The context is an electric power company with regulated load obligations and a spot market for energy sales and purchases, as well as liabilities incurred by carbon emissions from generation units or power contracts controlled by the company. Against the backdrop of the existing carbon cap and trade system in the European Union, this paper develops a framework for integrating energy portfolio risk management with liabilities associated with the company’s carbon emissions. The multi-period VaR-constrained portfolio approach of Kleindorfer and Li (Energy J 26(1): 1–26, 2005) is first extended to cover the implied liabilities arising from carbon emissions. This entails some changes to account for the fact that dispatch/bidding/execution decisions will be affected by carbon liabilities for some generation units and contracts. The paper then develops a dynamic programming framework for optimizing the timing of carbon trades (i.e., the timing of the acquisition of the required carbon certificates to cover carbon emissions liabilities of the company), given banked credits or allocations of carbon credits at the start of the planning period and the emissions liabilities resulting from the company’s joint energy and carbon portfolio optimization problem.     

Coal gasification: An economic evaluation

Political interest in developing the capability to produce gaseous fuel from coal in the United States has been cyclical in nature, depending primarily upon the security of the international market for oil and public attitudes toward nuclear power. Interest in coal gasification technology by private investors, however, depends primarily on the economic and technological considerations analyzed in this paper. A cost forecasting model is developed with the capability to take into account future economic and technological uncertainties associated with producing high BTU gas (a substitute for natural gas) from coal. The cost forecasting model incorporates probabilistic information on key economic and technological parameters subject to future uncertainty and simulates, by Monte Carlo methods, the costs which private investors would incur over the life of a commercial size coal gasification plant. The results suggest it is highly unlikely that the coal gasification process could produce high BTU gas more cheaply than the price at which natural gas is likely to be available.The cost forecasting model is also modified to compare the cost per kilowatt–hour of generated electricity when fueling a 1,000 Mw power plant with oil versus high BTU gas from coal. Again, based upon the costs to private investors, the simulation results indicate a very low probability that high BTU gas from coal would prove the least costly fuel for generating electricity.The implied economic infeasibility for private investment in coal gasification does not necessarily provide a basis for public policy to abandon the technology. Public policy recommendations must consider social costs as well as private costs. Possibly the greatest social cost associated with abandoning coal gasification is the risk of a significant energy supply interruption. A diversified national energy policy including coal gasification may in fact be less costly if relevant social costs are included in the calculations. Results from the cost forecasting model indicate the size and type of public subsidies that may be necessary to support a diversified energy industry which would include coal gasification.     

The forms of ecological logistics and its relationship under the globalization

The logistics system is a complex ecosystem. Ecological logistics （EL） is development trend of modern logistics, and of important practical significance. Effective use of resources and environmental protection should be put in the top position of logistics development. To strengthen research on logistics ecologization and realize ecological and analyzes their relationship.