基本农田保护研究综述

通过综述前人在基本农田的概念内涵、基本农田的保护政策、基本农田的划定方法与技术研究等方面的现状,得出:我国基本农田的保护任务艰巨而道路漫长,应该将理论研究与技术运用相结合.在研究理论问题的同时,更应注重技术上的创新,在具体的保护工作中,结合运用计算机技术,最为普遍的是"3S"技术,将此技术运用到实际中,建立一套具有中国特色的基本农田保护体系.     

The Normative Analysis of Agricultural Policy: A General Framework and Review

The paper provides a general framework of normative agricultural policy analysis within which it is possible to unify forty years of literature. It is shown that the literature has gone from examining a very small set of simple policies to a much broader set of policies that combine policy instruments simultaneously. In ranking alternative policies agricultural economists have tried to consider distributive equity. While at a glance it may seem that many different methods have been used to consider distributive equity, we show that in general all these methods can be traced back to three alternative methods based on welfarism and Pareto efficiency.     

Decentralization in Peru's Agricultural Policy: A Critical Review from 1993 to 1998

In 1983 decentralization was already being described as the latest fashion in development administration and it has been gaining in popularity ever since. This theoretical concept has been embraced world-wide and incorporated into economic and political reform plans. In this paper, the proclaimed desire for decentralization in Peru's public administration is tested by reviewing the example of its agricultural policy and in particular its strategy with regard to public agricultural subsidies. The objectives of the paper are: (1) to illustrate the discrepancies between the theoretical objectives of decentralization and how it is implemented in practice; (2) to analyse the structure of Peru's agricultural support policies, evaluate the process of decentralization in this sector and subsequently identify possible problem areas and make policy recommendations; and (3) using the regionally differentiated public expenditures for the agricultural sector in the period from 1993 to 1998, to cross-check the lip-service paid to decentralizing agricultural policy in Peru.     

退耕还林的经济影响及现行政策的调整--以河北省为例

本文研究结果表明,无论从省域还是从县域范围来看,退耕还林对耕地和粮食的压力都很小,但对退耕县的畜牧业、劳动力剩余、种植业结构以及退耕还林农户家庭收入结构却产生了强烈的影响。据此,本项研究对退耕还林工程的现行政策提出了相应的调整建议。     

支农再贷款的政策效应：固原市个案分析

一、引言1 998年以来 ,我国实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策。积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策都以扩大内需为基本方针。内需不足的根本原因在于结构性矛盾 ,因此 ,解决结构性矛盾就必然成为政策操作的第一中介目标。结构性矛盾表现在多个方面 ,但最重要的是地区差别矛盾和城乡需求矛盾。如何促进中西部地区经济发展 ,充分调动农村市场需求 ,是政策操作的当务之急。支农再贷款正是在这一形势下应运而生。所谓支农再贷款 ,是指由中央银行发放给农村信用社 ,并由农村信用社按照商业化经营的原则 ,以小额信用贷款的方式投放给农户 ,以支持…     

Developing Policy for Communities Managing Diffuse Source Pollution: A Case Study from Subtropical Catchments of NSW,Australia

Each individual and organisation differs in the way they perceive, define and act upon social, economic and environmental issues. One such issue is pollution of coastal waterways from acid sulphate soils in coastal wetlands in Australia. These soils, when oxidised, acidify water resulting in extensive destruction in the downstream ecosystem. While the impacts of the acidification are extensive and external agencies are demanding change, current policies do not reflect the complexity of the relationships between the stakeholders.

This paper analyses the effectiveness of current policies. How do we define and manage the change process? Drawing on results from two benchmarking surveys conducted in 1998 and 2002, this paper provides insights into why change is happening in three industry groups that are managing diffuse source pollution from acid sulphate soils. Findings indicated that stakeholders frequently did not identify with the government visions and were unaware of the regulations. High compliance with regulations was dependent upon best management practices and education strategies. We discuss how to develop policies to promote the change process with diverse stakeholder groups, and explore why stakeholders resist change. Such findings can have applicability to any organisation involved in the management of diffuse source pollution.     

政策综合在森林转型中的作用——以福建长汀为例

森林转型的概念于1992年被首次提出,现已成为国际生态经济和自然资源管理领域讨论的前沿与热点问题。中国在20世纪80年代实现了森林转型,为全球固碳和气候变化减缓作出了重要贡献。政策因素被认为在中国森林转型进程中发挥了重要的作用。以中国森林转型的典型地区福建长汀为例,构建植被恢复政策综合分析框架,从植被恢复政策的纵向综合与横向综合两方面对促进长汀森林转型的政策综合进行分析,对长汀植被恢复政策取得成功的原因进行探索,以丰富森林转型的政策路径理论的讨论。研究认为,植被恢复横向政策综合是长汀森林转型相关政策取得成功的关键,长汀的植被恢复政策体系对其他地区具有重要的借鉴意义。     

新书《水价格学》述评

新书《水价格学》述评@陈恒敬$中国水利水电第十四工程局!江苏溧阳213333     

"退耕还林还草"的生态经济学基础

在提出生态经济系统演变3阶段理论的基础上，分析了近期“以粮代赈”、远期建设生态系统与经济系统的“弹性资源”和林草产业来解决农民的经济需求：其次对退耕还林还草工程与生态经济资源配置的关系进行了研究，认为“退耕还林(草)、封山绿化”建立在“因地制宜”基础上，且是农村产业结构调整的要求；分析了退耕还林还草工程中的“个体承包”适应农村产业结构调整和农业资源合理配置中对农业经营形式的需要。因而，退耕还林还草工程适时适地，满足黄土丘陵区生态经济系统演变第Ⅱ阶段的需求。     

A Market-Forces Policy for the New Farm Economy?

This paper first discusses the changes that are bringing about the New Farm Economy. A wave of consolidation has shifted agricultural production to larger, lower cost producers in almost all sectors of agriculture. At the same time, supply chains represent a new form of ownership and control that is replacing commodity markets as the preferred way to market farm output. Both consolidation and the development of supply chains offer the possibility of producing a greater variety of safer, cheaper food. The paper argues that farm policy, crafted for the agriculture of the 1930s, is no longer necessary to raise or stabilize farm incomes, and is largely ineffective anyway. Moreover, farm policy impedes the market forces driving innovation and efficiency in the farm economy. Letting market forces guide the evolution of the farm economy, unfettered by outdated government programs and unnecessary farm subsidies, is the best way to harness the benefits of the New Farm Economy. Getting rid of government subsidies and control will lead to dramatically fewer farmers in agriculture: a policy to deal explicitly with those who will leave agriculture is needed. A transition policy is described that focuses on helping reduce the number of farmers by offering a buyout to farm producers which subsidizes their exit from farming and prevents reentry.     

Incorporating Trade into the Investment Development Path: A Case Study of Korea and Taiwan

We suggest that there is some interface between the investment development path (IDP) and the trade development path (TDP)-with both trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) of created asset-intensive products increasing their significance relative to gross national product (GNP) of countries. The proportion of intra-industry trade and FDI to total trade and FDI also increases as an economy develops, particularly so for created asset-intensive products. We have taken the FDI intensity of manufacturing sectors as a proxy for a created asset intensity, and classified it into three categories, viz. above, average and below created asset intensities. Trade and FDI data from the Korean and Taiwan economies between 1968 and 1997 generally support the idea of an integrated TDP and IDP. The growth of trade and FDI tends to be positively correlated with GNP per capita and with the created asset intensity of products.     

Review - Thomas Sterner (2003): Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management

RFF Press, Washington D. C. ISBN 1-891853-12-0As research in environmental policy has accumulated, and the number of applications of policy instruments for environmental and natural resource management has grown, so has the arsenal of different instruments available for the policy maker. This development has continued up to a point where it now becomes difficult for the individual researcher or policy maker to survey this vast field. With this in mind, there are many that have reason to be grateful for Thomas Sterner's effort in his new book, Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management. This book not only details the economic principles behind environmental policy, but also presents a wide range of examples of practical policy design in areas such as road transportation, industrial pollution and the management of natural resources and ecosystems.In the preface Thomas Sterner states that the book is intended for academicians, like university professors, graduate and undergraduate students, as well as analysts who advice policy makers. In particular, the book turns towards people of these categories in countries who have not to date made extensive use of market-based policy instruments. Presumably, this includes countries in the developing world and former planned economies. The book is non-technical in the sense that only a small amount of mathematical formulas are presented to not deter reader with a less solid background in maths.The book is divided into seven sections. The first part (entitled: The Need for Environmental and Natural Resource Policy) details the causes behind environmental degradation and introduces important concepts in environmental economics, such as externalities and public goods. The section also gives an outline of bioeconomics and the evolution of rights. The material is similar to other textbooks, and should be well known to the environmental economist. Part 2 (Review of Policy Instruments) presents the most important policy tools in the economists tool box, including direct regulation, taxes, tradeable permits, subsidies and property rights related instruments. This material is presented in an accessible, non-technical manner. Part 3 (Selection of Policy Instruments) concentrates on how to choose between different policy instruments, taking into account aspects such as efficiency, uncertainty, equilibrium effects, cost distribution, etc. This section should be particularly useful for analysts who advice policy makers. The information in this section is also neatly summarized in a “Policy Selection Matrix” in Chapter 18.In Parts 4, 5 and 6 the book becomes really unique and interesting for an academic audience. In these sections the author analyses a wealth of examples of policy design in areas such as road transportation, industrial pollution and the management of natural resources and ecosystems. Part 4 (Policy Instruments for Road Transportation) describes the policy experience in areas such as road pricing, fuel taxation and vehicle standards. In Part 5 (Policy Instruments for Industrial Pollution) the attention is turned to a “classic” area for environmental policy. The examples from both developed and developing countries are numerous. Policies for natural resource management is the focus of Part 6 (Policy Instruments for the Management of Natural Resources and Ecosystems), which deals with water, waste, fisheries, agriculture, forestry and ecosystems. Readers of JFE are perhaps most interested in the chapter on forestry (Chapter 30), and I would have to argue that this chapter is rather short, although that cannot be regarded as a major shortcoming of the book as a whole. However, a reader with a deeper interest in forest policy might want to complement with the book by Boyd & Hyde (1989).What then can be said about the usefulness of the book for its intended audiences? Well, for at least one of the intended audiences, analysts who advice policy makers, this book is simply indispensable. It is also very useful as a reference text for researchers who specialize in environmental policy. I would perhaps not suggest this book as a textbook for undergraduate students, partly because of its sheer size and partly because the wealth of examples diverts attention from the need for undergraduates to focus on basic economic principles. It's better suited for graduate students, but then I would supplement it with a more technical volume, such as the book by Baumol & Oates. Overall, my impression is that the main field of application of the book is as a reference text on environmental policy instruments, and it should be of particular interest for people in developing countries and former planned economies. For the forest economist interested in forest policy the forest chapter feels somewhat like an appetizer, but the book gives a good opportunity to learn about policy instruments applied to other areas that could be applicable to forest related problems. Put simply, a good source of inspiration.Göran BostedtDeptartment of Forest EconomicsSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeå     

国土资源管理决策模拟剧场与设计——以宅基地退出制度为例

传统的国土资源管理决策存在着定量分析手段缺乏、缺少系统性、关联性和标准化的问题。将政策分析理论与计算机技术引入国土资源管理领域,有机整合基础数据、分析模型和指标体系诸分析元素,建立国土资源管理决策模拟剧场系统,实现交互式决策智能分析系统构建,形成国土资源管理决策过程的标准化平台系统,可以有效解决传统决策方法的不足,降低决策成本。国土资源管理决策模拟剧场通过采取问题识别、问题概念化、模型数学化、比较与评价、反馈与执行等5个程式化步骤,具有较强的普适性,可广泛适用于国土资源管理决策与科研项目研究。     

市场取向下的棉花信贷政策和管理

随着棉花流通体制改革的深入,棉花信贷管理遇到了许多新情况和新问题,需要认真研究。根据中国农业发展银行领导的指示,由总行信贷二部和总行研究室牵头,组织河南、山东、江西、新疆、湖南、湖北、陕西、甘肃、四川9个分行,就棉花信贷政策和管理问题开展了调查研究,现将调研结果整理如下。     

影响城市土地集约利用的因素研究——以我国30个特大城市为例

通过多因素综合评价模型,分别计算出我国30个特大城市的土地集约利用综合分值.然后利用得到的评价结果与人地关系、经济发展水平等影响城市土地集约利用水平的因素进行相关关系分析,得出城市土地集约利用水平与人地关系、经济发展水平和城市规模成强正相关关系.     

征地补偿标准研究综述

在对国内外论述进行总结的基础上,认为当前我国征地补偿标准的改革方向在于:从农地产权和价值功能等人手,分析征地补偿标准构成,重构征地补偿标准体系;顺应市场经济潮流,建立按价补偿的思路;不区分公益和非公益用地,建立统一的征地地价体系;突出区域因素对征地补偿标准的影响,建立与区域差异相协调的征地补偿标准.     

权宜性执行:村级组织政策执行与权力运作策略的逻辑分析——以陕南L贫困村精准扶贫政策执行为例

本文把某些村级组织根据不同场景定义和情境逻辑选择并采取各类具体的、短期的、人格化的策略、技术、手段和方法来执行中央政策指令和完成上级政府下达任务的行为概括为权宜性执行。通过构建主体—场景(情境)—行为分析框架,以笔者驻村扶贫的L村政策执行为个案,本文对权宜性执行行为生存和发展的逻辑机理从环境空间、社会基础及内生动力方面加以梳理和阐释:政策设计与执行分离的运行机制、组织运行资源与激励强度失衡的科层结构以及虚置的考核监督机制为权宜性执行生发提供了必要的环境空间;人情取向的乡土逻辑、村民淡薄的政治参与意识和孱弱的参与能力为其生发提供了植根的社会基础;政策执行主体尴尬的角色定位和自利性的利益权衡为其生发提供了充分的内生动力。     

县乡债务形成的原因及化解对策探析--以河北省保定市部分县乡为例

本文以河北省保定市部分县乡为例,在分析县乡债务现状的基础上,对债务形成的原因进行探析,从而为尽快解决县乡债务问题提出一些对策。     

地方政府土地政策试点实施的动力与机制 ——基于B市集体土地建租赁住房试点的案例分析

研究目的：分析中央主导的“设计试验”中地方政府土地政策试点实施的关键动力与治理机制,为完善土地政策试点运作机制提供参考。研究方法：理论分析、案例分析和过程追踪法。研究结果：（1）在中央加强顶层设计的试点模式下,地方自主探索的创新空间边界受到试点启动和实施等阶段央地多重互动的影响;（2）地方党政“一把手”的个人专长和信息优势有助于其清晰认识创新边界与作用,使其高度重视自身熟悉且利于实现政绩生产的试点领域,为地方推进试点提供关键动力;（3）在党政领导高位推动下,资源拓展、组织协调、政策调适与过程控制等机制构成地方政府解决试点实施困境、实现政策创新的关键机制。研究结论：为推动顶层设计与基层探索良性互动,土地政策试点需处理好央—地、政府—民众两对关系,健全对地方的激励约束机制,提高地方领导对试点的正向激励感知,并从资源、组织、政策和权力运作等维度完善高位推动下四位一体的治理机制。