Prevalence and healthcare costs of obesity-related comorbidities: evidence from an electronic medical records system in the United States

Abstract

Objective:

This study estimated the economic burden of obesity-related comorbidities (ORCs) in the US, at both the person and population levels.     

"电子化"旅游业浅谈

一、世界旅游业应用电子商务的现状 1、网上旅游促销来势汹涌 在电子商务出现后的短短数年中,网上旅游促销已经形成很大规模.西方发达国家的航空、汽车、饭店、景点、旅行社等旅游企业以及各种旅游组织纷纷上网建立自已的站点,以大量图文并茂的网页宣传其产品及其所在地的旅游形象.为了使潜在的消费者便于找到它们,这些网点一般都和有名的门户网站相链接.     

电子商务安全问题研究

电子商务是利用计算机网络开展的商务活动。近年来,随着电子技术的发展,“网上购物”、“钱包”等已渐成时尚,但安全问题始终是影响电子商务发展的关键因素。安全问题威胁着交易中每一方的利益,客户由此产生的疑虑会影响到交易的成败,甚至会影响电子商务的进一步的发展。     

Decentralized credit and monetary exchange without public record keeping

Summary. We relax a standard assumption on the matching technology in a search model of money. In particular, agents may remain in a long-term partnership as long as it is in their self-interest. With this simple modification, it is possible to support self-enforcing, intertemporal trade which resembles credit without a public record keeping device. We examine conditions for co-existence of currency and credit and the welfare gains/losses associated with the introduction of money.Received: 20 April 2003, Revised: 10 July 2003JEL Classification Numbers: E0.An earlier version of this paper was entitled Money and Search with Enduring Relationships. We wish to thank Narayana Kocherlakota, Rachel Kranton, Jeff Lacker, Andrei Shevchenko, Shouyong Shi, Ted Temzelides, Chris Waller, and especially David Andofolatto, Gabriele Camera, Drew Saunders, and Randy Wright for helpful comments on that earlier draft, as well as seminar participants at the University of Pennsylvania, Purdue University, American Economic Association Meetings, Summer Econometric Society Meetings, and NBER Summer Workshop. Corbae wishes to thank the Research Department at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for research support.Correspondence to: D. Corbae     

On the motivations for the dual-use of electronic and traditional cigarettes

We apply a classical economic categorization of preferences to identify the motivations of dual-users of electronic and traditional cigarettes. The responses of 2406 US adults (including 413 dual-users) in 2015 were collected using a novel online survey along with a follow-up in 2016 of 143 of these adults (68 dual-users). A sizeable minority of 37% of dual-users reported viewing electronic and conventional cigarettes primarily as complements. Of those who had never smoked or used electronic cigarettes, only 27% thought the complementarity motive would be primary. Dual-user motivations were associated with quit-attempt, cessation methods, gender and age. 1 year on, there was a positive relationship between the level of complementarity in the dual-user’s motives and their change in self-reported traditional cigarette consumption. It is concluded that the application of a canonical economic classification of preferences may reveal important heterogeneities among the dual-user population.     

Gender and the demand for medical care

The consumption of a set of diverse medical services is analysed in an effort to determine the sources of high utilization by women.Unlike previous studies of gender and the demand for medical services,the range of services investigate allows us to draw conclusions about the influence of physicians as agents.We use a modified version of the almost-ideal demand model in the emperical analysis which,unlike the double-log quadratic, or linear demand models, is consistent with constraints imposed by economic theory.Through decomposition of the variance, it was found that if women reported the same series of health indicators as men. their use of most services would fall below that of men.     

Efficient communication in the electronic mail game

The literature on the electronic mail game shows that players' mutual expectations may lock them into requiring an inefficiently large number of confirmations and confirmations of confirmations from one another. This paper shows that this result hinges on the assumption that, with the exception of the first message, each player can only send a message when receiving an immediately preceding message. We show that, once this assumption is lifted, equilibria involving confirmations of confirmations no longer pass standard refinements of the Nash equilibrium, and are no longer evolutionary stable.     

韩国纪事

我承认我生命中最美的记忆，除了巴黎的时装秀、卢浮宫的艺术珍藏以及到处都漂浮着浪漫音符的奥地利，还有猎猎“韩流”袭人的韩国。早听说韩国自然景观秀丽，山水奥妙相融，并且各季节都呈现出如画的绝景，自古就被誉为“锦绣江山”，所以韩国可以说是我心仪已久的国度。韩国国土面积有22万平方公里，以朝鲜半岛为中心，周围分布着大大小小3962个岛屿。韩国人口有4700多万人，仅相当于我国一个省的一半人口。在韩国，山地面积远远大于平原面积，所以韩国的农业除了种植水稻，还有畜牧、园艺、水果等多样农副业。20世纪60年代，韩国开始摆脱…     

高端医学影像先进医疗器械业发展战略探析

本文以新兴产业之一的生物医学工程产业为研究对象,并以其中的高端医学影像先进医疗器械业为例,在对其产业发展的中外现状与动向论述基础上,指出国内产业发展的问题所在,并从经济社会学关于产业发展“嵌入性”及社会资本理论“公共财”视角提出整合既有力量,构建医学视角的医学影像医疗器械平台和经济社会学视角的医学影像医疗器械产业平台,建立适应高端医学影像先进医疗器械业良性发展的运行机制和产业发展环境。     

New cooperative medical scheme and medical expenditure in rural China

The New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) was launched in rural China in 2003, aiming to safeguard rural households against catastrophic medical expenditure. The implementation of the programme has been surrounded by the concern for the potential uncontrollable growth in medical expenditure due to moral hazard. Direct evidence on the relationship between the NCMS and total medical expenditure is still scant. Using a panel data set, the Rural Fixed‐point Survey (RFPS) 2003–2006 and a supplementary NCMS survey conducted in 2007, we find that joining the NCMS does not affect household medical expenditure.     

Technology and finance: The electronic markets

Change is afoot in the land of global finance, driven in large part by rapid technological advances. The convergence of computers, telecommunications that link computers and related devices, and applications software has enabled the birth of a whole new financial products and services. Finance is now a 24-hour-a-day, seven-day-a-week, nearly instantaneous marketplace. The advantages are seen in lower unit costs, broader financial access, and more rapid transaction times. Diasdvantages also abound. The investment costs of keeping technologically up to date are huge. As a result, the number of bank mergers is increasing, and the financial industry job market is contracting. Rapid, often virtual markets have created regulatory headaches around the globe. Both commercial financial institutions and government central banks find it harder and harder to manage the pace of technological and market change. The implications for social change are many. For individual firms and for industry in general, the opportunities and tensions attributable to this change are beginning to be well defined. But, there is no clear indication of how far or how fast change will affect society overall. The capacity of society to absorb major changes in monetary mechanisms may, in fact, act as a brake on the uptake of technological change.     

Standardization in electronic money

Abstract

Electronic money services are provided by the combination of Integrated Circuit (IC) cards and terminals. The compatibility of different brands of electronic money can be enabled by firms' joint adoption of standard terminals. In this paper, we analyse the effect of achieving compatibility among different brands of electronic money. We show that, if the unit production cost of a standard terminal is not so much different from that of a non-standard one, firms' joint adoption of standard terminals will increase the total sales of IC cards and the network size of terminals, thus raising consumers' surplus and firms' profits. On the other hand, if the unit cost of a standard terminal is so high that firms are discouraged from voluntarily adopting standard ones, the government may employ subsides to enhance efficiency. However, if the duty of implementing standardization is placed solely on the firms without subsidies, all the agents, including consumers and retailers, will be left worse off.     

Optimal income taxation with human capital accumulation and limited record keeping

This paper characterizes optimal income taxes in a dynamic economy where human capital is unobservable and the government is restricted to use taxes that depend only on current income. I show that unobservability of human capital tends to decrease the labor wedge, while the effect on the human capital wedge is uncertain. I also analyze the relationship between optimal taxes in economies with and without endogenous human capital and identify two qualitative reasons why the optimal tax codes will differ. I perform numerical simulations to calculate the quantitative relevance of endogenous human capital formation for optimal tax policy. I find that endogenous human capital lowers marginal tax rates by about 9% on average, as compared with a static model without human capital.     

Welfare to work propensities: administrative record evidence

The study examines the role of home-to-new-job-hub distance on employment propensity using a unique data set compiled from integrated micro-level administrative records of work-eligible welfare recipients and earnings. Our empirical findings confirm the spatial mismatch hypothesis. Our home-to-new-job-hub distance measure is an innovative weighted measure incorporating both abundance of actual employment opportunities and geographic distance. Other unique contributions of this study include using point-to-point residence and job hub locational information, modelling with community controls and industry-specific analysis. This study also identifies policy implications in advancing employment prospects of inner-city residents receiving government assistance.