经济转型中的制度陷阱研究

经济转型过程中形成了无效制度安排长期存在的制度陷阱,从而使许多转型国家陷入一种持续的秩序分裂与经济衰退状态。能否成功跨越制度陷阱将直接影响到转型国家能否建立起一种完善的市场经济体制。制度陷阱的形成与转型国家制度变迁的初始条件、社会利益结构、转型战略选择以及政府行为具有密切关联。经验表明,转型国家需要在一个有能力的政府的主导下,通过审慎的转型战略选择来循序渐进地推动制度改革,从而成功跨越制度陷阱,建立起完善的市场经济体制。     

中等收入陷阱的成因假说、经验比较与对策研究

文章对一国经济发展滞于中等收入陷阱的形成原因进行梳理归纳,认为其成因主要可分为生产率下滑假说、增长转型失败假说及收入分配状况恶化假说。在理论假设基础上,对部分成功跨越与未能成功跨越中等收入陷阱的国家发展经验进行比较,发现在生产率差异、收入分配差距差异、产业结构转型差异及技术创新能力差异等维度,两类国家均呈现出明显不同。文章认为,中国经济进入人均国民收入超4000美元的中高等收入阶段后,经济增长也面临成本上升、收入分配差距恶化及转型困难等增长减速风险,并提出了对应的政策建议。     

普京任期再开始 中东欧转型引争议——记“转型国家经济发展战略及其与中国的合作”研讨会

2012年4月21日,中国世界经济学会转轨经济专业委员会、辽宁大学转型国家经济政治研究中心、复旦大学新兴市场经济研究中心共同主办了"转型国家经济发展战略及其与中国的合作"学术研讨会。围绕"大选后俄罗斯经济发展战略的调整与经济发展的前景"、"中东欧国家经济增长模式的缺陷",以及"中国与俄罗斯经济合作的前景"等问题,来自全国各地的学者展开了研讨。     

“中等收入陷阱”的国际观照和中国策略

跨越中等收入陷阱,是转型国家经济社会政治结构调整的战略难题。中国在结构转型过程同样面临压力和需求结构调整困境。迈过中等收入陷阱的国际经验教训为中国提供了镜鉴。在共同富裕愿景下,中国要想避免中等收入陷阱,成功迈向高收入国家行列,必须调整发展战略,将经济增长速度降到合理区间,培养以中产阶层为主体的橄榄型社会结构,支持发展战略新兴产业,改变贸易结构方式,加快推进体制改革,从而为促进经济结构调整和社会结构转型创造制度条件。     

中国经济增长的新机制:基于文献综述的思考

中国经济多年持续的高增长造就了所谓的"中国奇迹",对于这种"奇迹"的真实图景探讨尤为激烈,而这一问题归根结底在于对过去中国经济增长机制的解释和判断。面对新的情景和发展阶段,未来机制转型是关键。对寻求中国经济增长机制的基本逻辑思考有助于在下一步的改革中找寻到合理的发展战略及增长机制,并最终超越东亚模式和中等收入陷阱,实现由"经济大国"向"经济强国"的转变。     

发展模式转型的立足点与基本特征

“十一五”时期浙江发展模式转型，应该在进一步深化“八八战略”基础上，体现以下特征：经济体制从初级市场经济向现代市场经济转变；增长方式从投资驱动型向创新驱动型转变；要素支撑从依靠传统要素向依靠创新要素转变；城乡发展从城市优先向城乡统筹发展转变；发展目标从经济增长优先向经济社会协调发展转变；政府职能从经济建设型向公共服务型转变。     

增长质量、阶段特征与经济转型的关联度

基于现阶段我国大力提倡循环经济、绿色经济增长模式背景,通过分解经济增长质量指数的结构,突破以往经济增长质量评价研究建立在传统经济增长模式下的不足,将循环经济、绿色经济思想引入经济增长质量评价研究中,构建经济增长质量指数结构与经济增长模式转型关系图以及能够反映新的经济增长模式的经济增长质量评价指标体系。以1995~2006年为例,测评经济增长质量总指数及其分指数,据此判断我国经济增长质量的状况及增长模式的进程,以期为我国经济增长模式转型研究提供一个实证分析框架。     

发展循环经济 建设生态高淳——关于高淳县经济发展新模式的战略思考

<正> 贯彻落实科学发展观,对于国家级生态示范区、并正积极进行国家级生态县建设的高淳县来说,关键的问题就是要在大力实施"工业强县、生态立县、特色兴县"发展战略的过程中,把经济增长模式的根本性转变和产业结构的战略性调整同发展循环经济紧密结合起来,构建新的经济发展模式,实现经济增长转型。本文试从循环经济层面,对高淳县的经济发展新模式作一些探究。     

我国经济增长模式面临的转型压力与有利条件

本文从劳动力、土地等生产要素成本上升、资源和环境约束压力的显著加大、新增长点引致的外延扩张空间缩小、金融风险因为增长减速和开放扩大而增加、收入差距对增长的影响加强、中国经济“超大规模”引起的内部和外部不适应等方面，论述了现有增长模式面临的转型压力，强调这一持续了二十多年的增长模式需要出现实质性的改变，然后分析了增长模式转型的有利条件和不确定性。     

如何迈过“陷阱”

何谓“中等收入陷阱”？世界银行指出，从低收入跨入中等收入阶段后，一个国家的经济发展战略和增长机制需要有新的突破。倘若延续过去的战略和机制，会使一国难以从中等收入国家向高收入国家转变。     

A Tale of Two Countries and Two Stages: South Africa,China and the Lewis Model

The paper compares the economic progress of two countries, South Africa and China, in relation to the Lewis model. These economies are chosen because they have interesting similarities and also interesting differences. At the start of economic reform in China and with the advent of democracy in South Africa, both countries had surplus labour: they were at the first, labour-surplus, stage of the Lewis model. It is shown that, since then, South Africa has continued to experience surplus labour: the unemployment rate has risen. By contrast, China’s labour market is shown to have tightened, and there is evidence that China has entered the second, labour-scarce, stage of the Lewis model. The difference lies in their growth rates. There are sections explaining why the South African economy has grown slowly and why the Chinese economy has grown rapidly, in relation to the growth of their labour forces. The Lewis model provides an enlightening framework for explaining how widely the fruits of economic development can be shared.     

Boom and Bust Cycle of the Stock Market, and Economic Growth in a Vintage Capital Model

We construct a growth model of overlapping generations with vintage capital. There exists an equilibrium that converges to the balanced growth path through endogenous fluctuations of investment, consumption, and output in terms of the growth rate. When the technological change arrives and a rise in productivity is embodied only in newly invested capital, the economy converges to a new balanced growth path with a higher growth rate of output, but when we interpret the price of existing old capital as the stock market capitalization, the rise in productivity is accompanied by an initial decline in the stock market. Oscillatory equilibria are supported as perfect-foresight equilibria in the present framework with finitely lived agents and capital. Any oscillatory equilibrium is associated with the regime switch from an economy with both young and old capital in use into one with only old capital in use.     

经济增长与集聚：基于资本积累和知识溢出的研究

文章发展了新经济地理学中包含垂直联系的一般均衡模型,通过放松＂总资本不变＂的假设,将垂直联系、资本积累和知识溢出结合起来,构建了一个内生增长模型,以此分析资本积累和知识溢出对经济增长与集聚的影响。结果显示,发展成为核心区可以通过提高自身的资本积累水平和掌握先进技术、核心技术来实现。对于欠发达地区,既可以通过地方保护或加大中央政府的财政支持力度,提高其资本积累水平,也可以通过增强地区间的合作与交流,提高知识溢出水平,缩小与发达地区的经济差距。     

FDI Deregulation Versus Labor Market Reform: a Political Economy Approach

This paper studies the political economy of foreign direct investment (FDI) in interaction with labor market policies. It analyzes the setting of reform focused on deregulating labor markets as a political compromise pressured by the lobbying of an industry lobby and a trade union. Using a common agency model of lobbying, we show that the interest group’s influence is socially distortive towards less deregulation. Also, our political economy framework shows that, for large countries, exogenous FDI liberalization policies lead to deregulation in the labor market. For small countries, such policies enhance more labor market rigidities.     

经济发展不同阶段金融机构数量及管理政策研究

在普通金融内生增长模型的基础上,通过考虑金融机构经营的专业化经济和规模经济,对金融部门融资成本进行比较动态分析.研究结果表明:市场内生的金融机构数量一般是无效的,社会管理部门可以通过对金融机构的数量进行调整来提高金融部门的效率,促进经济的增长.然而具体是扩大金融机构规模、减少金融机构数量,还是发展专业性金融机构、增加金融机构数量,要根据经济发展的不同阶段进行选择.     

西北资源型城市新经济增长点的选择与培育

近年凭借矿产资源大规模开采而发展起来的西北资源型城市普遍遭遇了资源工业一家独大、产业集聚效应和扩散效应小、环境污染严重、经济增长后劲不足甚至面临跌入“衰退陷阱”的巨大风险。选择和培育新经济增长点是西北资源型城市可持续发展的必然选择。未来一段时期,西北资源型城市应采取加强政府扶持与引导、加速推进城镇化、大力发展非公有制经济、继续深化市场化改革、提高对外开放水平等对策,对资源产业链延伸、循环经济、以农副产品为原料的现代加工业、旅游业和新能源产业等新经济增长点加以培育。     

Thirty years of legal and economic reform in China: growth,institutions, and laws

China's impressive economic growth over three decades has seemingly occurred in the absence of a strong legal system. This paper views China's reform process over the past three decades as one that has entailed a gradual introduction of market forces into areas of the economy, which requires both dismantling the structure of the centrally planned economy and developing market-oriented institutions. This paper argues that China's transition is premised on a set of informal, and increasingly formal, institutions that provided incentives during the process of gradual liberalization. Therefore, institutional developments were not absent. The exploration of the interplay between growth and institutions leads to the conclusion that continued economic growth in China will depend on implementing legal reforms better suited to the nature of the decentralized economy, hastened by the introduction of international economic laws and rules with greater global integration.     

Interbank market frictions, international banks and growth

In developing countries and countries in transition, a lack of finance is regarded as a major reason for the underperformance of the SME sector. The financial sector does not channel funds efficiently from savers to the most efficient investment. In a general equilibrium endogenous growth model, we explain the underperformance of the SME sector by interbank market frictions. High information costs in the interbank market lead to a high loan/deposit spread and hence to a low growth equilibrium. The solution to this problem is twofold. First, central bank policy could reduce interbank information problems by providing effective bank supervision. Second, if the central bank is expected not to have sufficient monitoring capabilities, reputation and reserves, opening up the interbank market to international banks can substitute for insufficient central bank activities.The sources of this advantage in efficiency are stronger incentives for workers and managers (direct connection between effort and return), easier monitoring and greater flexibility (McIntyre 2001).     

INSTITUTIONS,BANKING DEVELOPMENT,AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Does the institutional environment affect the causal relationship between banking development and economic growth? In the theoretical section of this paper, we develop an endogenous growth model where the institutional environment is captured through two indicators: judicial system efficiency and easiness of informal trade. We show that an improvement in the institutional environment has two effects. First, it intensifies the causality direction from banking to economic growth through a reduction in defaulting loans. Second, it reduces the interest rate spread. In the empirical section of the paper, we find bidirectional causality when analyzing 22 Middle Eastern and North African countries over the period 1984–2004. The first causality, which runs from banking development to economic growth, is more intense in countries with more developed institutional environment. The second causality runs from economic growth to banking and indicates that a more developed economy has a more developed banking system.     

Growth Patterns and Inequality in the Presence of Costly Technology Adoption

The stylized facts that motivate this article include the diversity in growth patterns that are observed across countries during the process of economic development and the divergence over time in income distributions both within and across countries. We construct a dynamic general equilibrium model in which technology adoption is costly and agents are heterogeneous in their initial holdings of resources. We interpret the adoption cost as the resources expended in acquiring skills associated with new technologies. Endogenous growth occurs in our model largely as a result of human capital deepening. The analytical results of the model characterize three growth outcomes associated with the technology adoption process depending on productivity differences between the technologies. These outcomes are labeled ‘poverty trap,’ ‘dual economy,’ and ‘balanced growth.’ The model is then capable of explaining the observed diversity in growth patterns in addition to the divergence of incomes over time and across countries.