Vertical Intra‐industry Trade and Fragmentation: An Empirical Examination of the US Auto‐parts Industry

The global auto industry has undergone a significant structural transformation in the last two decades as a result of the international fragmentation of production. This increase in cross‐border production‐sharing activities in the auto industry led to intra‐industry trade (IIT) in auto‐parts. In this study, the extent of IIT in the US auto‐parts industry is examined by decomposing trade into inter‐industry trade, vertical IIT and horizontal IIT. Then the development of vertical IIT is analysed as an indicator of international fragmentation between the US and 29 trading partners. Several country‐specific hypotheses suggested by the fragmentation literature are tested for the period 1989–2006. The results indicate that a substantial portion of IIT in the US auto‐parts industry is vertical IIT, and the econometric results generally support the hypotheses drawn from the theory. In particular, the findings show that the extent of the US vertical IIT is positively correlated with average market size, differences in market size, differences in factor endowments and outward foreign direct investment, while it is negatively correlated with distance and differences in per capita GDP.     

Horizontal and Vertical Intra‐industry Trade: An Empirical Test of the ‘Homogeneity Hypothesis’

In this paper, we study if and how country‐specific factors affect intra‐industry trade (IIT) when heterogeneity among sectors is allowed for. The paper is novel in that it is the first that addresses an issue raised by Greenaway et al. (Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1999, 61, 365). Specifically, employing data on a sample of OECD countries over a 10‐year period (1997–1998), we build on and take forward a methodology pioneered by Balassa and Bauwens (Economic Journal, 1987, 97, 923) to study the determinants of horizontal and vertical IIT using a multi‐industry approach. In doing this, we seek to avoid the more extreme measurement problems by allowing for heterogeneity among sectors when country‐specific factors are analysed and among countries when industry‐specific factors are considered. The results are compared to those obtained using the traditional method that does not consider intersectoral heterogeneity. We find that the two models yield statistically different results. Moreover, the tests regarding the choice of model – that is, econometric tests designed to compare one model with another when different sets of explanatory variables are used – confirm the relevance of intersectoral heterogeneity in affecting IIT. To the best of our knowledge, a similar analysis has not yet appeared in the empirical literature on IIT.     

The Pure Effects of European Integration on Intra‐EU Core and Periphery Trade

This paper analyses the effects of EU integration on intra‐EU trade volumes with a special focus on the evolution of trade within and between the core and the periphery countries. In the early phases of EU integration, there have been sizable trade creation and diversion effects with respect to EFTA countries. Both the creation and the diversion effects of EU membership have declined as the EU and EFTA have integrated. In all phases of EU integration, both core–periphery and intraperiphery growth of trade have experienced stronger positive effects than intracore trade. Hence, the EU enlargements did not cause any kind of intra‐EU ‘peripherality’.     

Intra‐industry Trade,Reconsidered: The Role of Technology Transfer and Foreign Direct Investment

This paper investigates novel determinants of intra‐industry trade (IIT) of late 1990s Japanese trade. Our empirical analysis shows that IIT is increased not only by the similarity of GDP and factor endowment but also by technology transfer via Japanese FDI. In particular, the current high proportion of Japanese IIT with Asian countries can be explained by technology transfer (licensing between headquarters and overseas affiliates) via FDI.     

The Effect of Aggregation Bias: An NTB‐modelling Analysis of Turkey's Agro‐food Trade with the EU

We explore how different data aggregation levels affect the gravity estimates of non‐tariff barriers (NTBs) in the agro‐food sector, and we examine their related impacts on policy simulations of an expansion to the European Union (EU) that would include Turkey. We calculate two sets of ad valorem equivalents (AVEs) of NTBs using the gravity approach to disaggregated and aggregated Central Product Classification data for 15 Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) agro‐food sectors. We find that the AVEs of NTBs vary substantially across products and that using aggregated data primarily results in greater effects of NTBs. In a second step, we incorporate the AVEs of NTBs into the GTAP model to evaluate Turkey's EU membership and conclude that aggregation bias has considerable effects on both the estimation of NTBs and the general equilibrium simulation results. Utilising different data aggregation levels leads to a great variability of trade costs of NTBs and, hence, to misleading trade and welfare effects.     

Intra‐firm transfer of best practices in moral reasoning: a conceptual framework

In this paper, we develop a conceptual framework of the intra‐firm transfer of best practices in moral reasoning by integrating three streams of literature: internal knowledge transfer in strategic management, moral reasoning and epistemology in philosophy and business ethics, and leader–member exchange in human resource management. We propose that characteristics of moral reasoning (nature of moral knowledge, tacitness of moral reasoning and causal ambiguity), source characteristics (moral development of leaders), target characteristics (integrity capacity and moral development of subordinates), leader–member exchange and internal ethical climate influence the transfer of best practices in moral reasoning.     

Networks of Value‐added Trade

Global value chains (GVCs) require new methods for evaluating interconnections among countries, which can no longer be accurately appraised by standard bilateral gross trade flows. This paper uses tools of network analysis to examine the evolution of value‐added trade from 1995 to 2011. GVCs are very centralised and asymmetric networks, with a few large economies acting as hubs, which exposes them to the propagation of idiosyncratic shocks. As GVCs expanded, the networks of foreign value added in exports became denser, more complex and intensively connected. The regional dimension of GVCs is still dominant but is progressively giving place to a more global network. Networks of foreign value added in goods exports outpace those of services exports. However, foreign inputs of services are important for exports of both goods and services. There is a striking rise of China as a supplier of value added, while Germany and the United States maintain a central role in GVCs over the whole period.     

The Trade Effects of US Anti‐dumping Actions against China Post‐WTO Entry

Since China's entry into the WTO, US anti‐dumping (AD) actions against China have increased, particularly with respect to multiple petitions. Distinguishing between US single and multiple petitions, we examine the trade effects of US AD actions against China based on an unbalanced panel of quarterly trade data. The results show that a US single petition investigation greatly restrains US imports of the filed products from China but also causes more significant import diversion from non‐named countries. In the short run, a preliminary AD duty imposed on China via a US multiple petition not only restrains US imports of the filed products from China but also prevents trade diversion from non‐named countries. In the long run, a final AD duty on China resulting from a US multiple petition creates a larger destructive effect on China and causes US import diversion from non‐named countries. Thus, a final AD duty imposed on China following a US multiple petition not only harms China's exports but also fails to help the US achieve import substitution. Furthermore, we have been able to reveal the negative trade effect of a preliminary AD duty even in cases where the ultimate decision is not to impose a final duty.     

石油价格波动对中国进出口贸易的非对称影响效应研究

采用非线性自回归分布滞后(NARDL)模型研究了石油价格波动对中国进出口贸易的非对称影响效应,结果表明石油价格波动对出口贸易存在着长期非对称影响效应.从长期来看,石油价格每上涨1个百分点,出口贸易将增加0.4937个百分点;石油价格每下降1个百分点,出口贸易将下降0.2521个百分点.短期内石油价格每变动1个百分点将导致出口贸易相应变动0.2816个百分点,石油价格波动对进口贸易存在着长短期非对称影响效应.从长期来看,石油价格每上涨1个百分点,进口贸易将增加0.4673个百分点;石油价格每下降1个百分点,进口贸易将下降0.2338个百分点.短期内石油价格每下降1个百分点将导致进口贸易累计下降1.2228个百分点,石油价格上涨对进口贸易的影响不显著.     

我国垂直型产业内贸易的特征分析

本文认为我国在产业内贸易方面,出口产品以低质量为特征,进口产品则以高质量为特征,属于垂直型产业内贸易活动。对我国2001年至2003年产业内贸易的跨部门计量分析显示,我国产业内贸易对劳动要素的弹性略大于对资本要素的弹性,我国产业内贸易充分利用了我国劳动要素的比较优势,并成为了其一个重要特征。     

Third‐country Effects of Regional Trade Agreements

Does regionalism negatively impact non‐members? To answer this question, we examine the effect of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on imports from non‐members and the tariffs that they face. Using data from six RTAs in Latin America and Europe, we do not find evidence that implementation of the regional agreements is associated with trade diversion from third countries to regional members. Using detailed industry data on preference margins and most‐favoured nation (MFN) tariffs for three trade agreements in Latin America over 12 years, we find that greater preference margins do not significantly reduce imports from third countries. We also look at the effect of preferences on external tariffs. We find evidence that preferential tariff reduction tends to precede the reduction of external MFN tariffs in a given sector, offering evidence of tariff complementarity. Overall, the results suggest that regionalism does not significantly harm non‐members.     

中间产品贸易、垂直专业化生产与FDI的关系:基于我国数据的协整分析

在产品内国际分工的条件下,中间产品贸易在全部贸易中的比重日益提高,尤其我国工业行业的中间产品贸易更是发展迅速。基于中间产品贸易,国际生产体系的新格局导致了生产向垂直专业化方向发展,依据Hummels等(2001)对垂直专业化比率的计算方法,测算到工业行业出口贸易的垂直专业化程度。本文检验了外国直接投资与垂直专业化生产和中间产品贸易之间的关系,得出外国直接投资分别与垂直专业化生产和中间产品贸易具有单向的因果关系,并且三者之间存在着长期稳定的协整关系。     

Identifying Trade Structure and Macroeconomic Caveats: The Post‐crisis of Korea

First, this article introduces unit value box in addition to Azhar, Elliott and Milner's industry trade box in identifying the post‐crisis trade structure of Korea. Dynamic movements of total trade, net trade, intra‐industry trade and export‐import unit values complete the systematic analysis of trade patterns at both the aggregate and disaggregate levels. Second, macroeconomic caveats are conveyed for a small open economy to recover after the crisis, including likely but unforeseen trade disputes.     

垂直专业化分工体系下贸易波动的行业差异性研究

本文计算了中国、日本、美国、英国等国各个部门出口波动情况,同时借助垂直专业化比率(VSS)这一指标衡量了各个部门参与垂直专业化分工的程度。测算结果表明:以其他商业服务(OCS)为典型代表的服务贸易相比于货物贸易尤其是高端货物贸易较少地参与了垂直专业化生产,服务贸易尤其是其他商业服务贸易以及传统货物贸易在国际金融危机中表现出较好的稳定性。     

天津出口贸易对经济增长的影响——基于出口拓展型生产函数

天津外向型经济水平高,出口贸易的发展对经济有着重大影响。利用1996—2015年天津统计年鉴数据,采用拓展后的生产函数模型分析出口贸易对经济增长的影响。结果表明,天津的资本投入和出口贸易对经济发展有着积极的促进作用,而劳动力的投入对经济增长的影响并不显著。在目前我国对外开放的新时期,天津应大力发展出口贸易,为经济发展增添新动力。     

技术性贸易壁垒的效应及我国企业的对策研究

发达国家凭借经济和技术优势,设立起来的技术性贸易壁垒已经威胁到发展中国家的传统优势产业的贸易。通过对技术性贸易壁垒的效应分析,了解技术性贸易壁垒在抑制进口方面的作用及它在发达国家和发展中国家的非平等性,进而提出我国作为发展中国家应如何应对技术性贸易壁垒的一些建议