反倾销:地方行业协会的优势及功能

在世贸组织框架内,我国建立应对贸易摩擦体系,必须重视发挥地方行业协会的作用。本文以分析地方行业协会的组织优势和功能优势为基础,从建立反倾销应诉机制、形成反倾销预警、促进地区产业结构升级以及培养反倾销专业人才等方面阐述了地方行业协会应对倾销与反倾销的具体功能,并就其在新形势下的提升对策做了探讨。     

Global versus Local Strategic Alliances

The authors present a framework within which to decide when a firm should choose a single global strategic alliance partner, when regional alliances are more appropriate, and when it should use multiple local partners. Strategic factors proposed as determining this choice refer to: (1)economies of scale; (2)competitive pressure; (3)market and environmental certainty; and (4)global coordination. Operational considerations that constrain the choice involve: (1)market restrictions; (2)resource availability; (3)fiduciary risk; and (4)adaptation needs. These two sets of factors interact to suggest the appropriate geographical scope of strategic alliances. Two case examples are evaluated within this framework; one dealing with a global strategic alliance, the other with local strategic alliances.     

论贸易静态比较优势的动态化及启示

摘要:贸易静态比较优势的动态转化是学术界和实业界一直关注的问题,将静态比较优势动态化是我国对外经济贸易实现持续、和谐发展的必然选择,我国必须采取强有力的措施促使贸易静态比较优势的动态转化。     

发展中国家服务贸易动态比较优势分析

国际服务贸易的快速发展和结构升级导致发展中国家服务贸易传统比较优势丧失.通过对印度、韩国、新加坡、爱尔兰发展服务贸易的案例研究,总结出发展中国家发展动态比较优势的基本模式和政策路径.发展中国家要摆脱贸易困境,应借鉴动态比较优势理论,巩固现有优势,培育新的要素,发展潜在优势,实现要素和比较优势升级.     

效率工资利与弊

效率工资理论是新凯恩斯主义劳动市场理论中的一个重要的理论 ,是宏观经济学在最近 2 0年取得的进展之一。进入 2 1世纪 ,有关效率工资的文献仍层出不穷 ,而企业在实行效率工资时仍然会出现一些问题。鉴于此 ,根据效率工资的基本模型 ,分析实行效率工资的利弊 ,并给出建议     

“金砖四国”服务贸易比较优势及其决定因素

选取"金砖四国"1994-2009年相关数据,本文采取只考虑出口因素的RCA指数和同时考虑进出口因素的RTA指数,对比分析了金砖四国服务贸易比较优势状况,从总体比较优势及分部门比较优势两个层面,对服务贸易比较优势的影响因素进行了实证分析,结果表明:只有印度的服务贸易总体具有比较优势,其他三个国家都不具有比较优势;"金砖四国"的服务贸易分部门比较优势状况差异较大;人力资本积累对服务贸易比较优势产生显著的正向效应,人均GDP并未提高服务贸易国际竞争力,服务业增加值对服务贸易比较优势有正向效应;此外,货物出口和吸收FDI对服务贸易比较优势的影响效应在不同部门之间差异较大。     

中国服务贸易的比较优势及发展对策

近20多年来中国的服务贸易业发展很快,但目前中国服务贸易与发达国家仍然有较大差距。采用代指数和RCA指数两个指标,运用进出口数据从定量角度分析服务贸易的国际比较优势,可看出中国服务贸易整体竞争力处于比较劣势,旅游业是我国具有比较优势的服务贸易行业,中国服务贸易中的大部分行业处于比较劣势。     

中国与欧盟贸易中的比较优势及国际分工地位

本文采用贸易竞争力指数和边际产业内贸易指数对中欧贸易中的比较优势和产业内贸易发展状况进行了分析,结果表明:中欧之间以产业间贸易为主,也存在一定程度的产业内贸易,且中欧间的产业内贸易以比较优势为基础。     

Regional Trade Agreements versus Global Trade Liberalisation: Implications for a Small Island Developing State

This study undertakes an empirical investigation of the macroeconomic and sectoral impacts of two forms of regional trade agreements vis‐à‐vis global trade liberalisation on a small island country, using Fiji as a case study. In order to capture the feedback effects of such a complex set of policies, we employ a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Fijian economy to investigate (i) the impact of the Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA), (ii) the impact of PICTA, the Pacific Agreement for Closer Economic Relations (PACER), and the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), (iii) the impact of full tariff liberalisation (i.e. tariff removal only), and (iv) the impact of full trade liberalisation, with removal of both tariff and non‐tariff barriers. While PICTA consistently provides the least benefits across a range of macroeconomic indicators including real output, welfare, trade volumes and employment, full trade liberalisation involving the removal of tariff and non‐tariff barriers provides the greatest benefits compared to the other scenarios in terms of real output. However, the latter scenario is outperformed by PICTA, PACER, the EPAs and full tariff liberalisation in terms of welfare effects, trade volumes and employment. The policy implications hold important lessons for developing countries considering trade liberalisation.     

中国服务贸易比较优势测度及其稳定性分析

本文综合运用多个指标(国际市场占有率、服务出口贡献率、贸易竞争力指数、显示性比较优势指数、相对贸易优势指数和净出口显示性比较优势指数等)对中国服务贸易总体及分部门竞争力进行了测算与国际比较,并动态考察了一段时期内中国服务贸易显示性比较优势的变化趋势及其稳定性.结果表明,当前中国服务贸易整体竞争力还非常薄弱,贸易结构相对低级;从服务贸易总体来看,各比较优势指数的变动较小.在不同的考察期,三大类服务部门的比较优势指数有较大变化,服务贸易专业化模式并不稳定.     

进出口产品的显性比较优势与工业经济的协动性关系

通过分析各类进出口产品的显性比较优势指数特征,构造显性比较优势指数与工业经济的协动性关系模型,进一步揭示劳动密集型和资金技术密集型的显性比较优、劣势波动对工业经济的冲击效果和比较优势陷阱的表现。     

地理集聚是否影响了地区出口比较优势——基于商业信用的视角

本文从商业信用视角,基于中国分省分行业数据,考察了地理集聚对地区出口比较优势的影响。实证研究结果表明,在地理集聚程度高的地区,商业信用依赖度高的行业有更大的出口比较优势,这一结论不受内生性、不同度量指标及其它地区因素作用的影响。进一步分析地理集聚在出口比较优势作用上的地区差异性,发现与西部地区相比,东部地区的高地理集聚程度显著促进了商业信用依赖度高的行业出口,而中西部地区之间的差异较小。     

Trade Liberalization and the Wage Skill Premium: Evidence from Indonesia

In this paper, we analyze the effect of reducing import tariffs on intermediate inputs and final goods on the wage skill premium within firms in Indonesia – a country with a high share of unskilled workers. We present a new finding that reducing input tariffs reduces the wage skill premium within firms that import their intermediate inputs. However, we do not find significant effects from reducing tariffs on final goods on the wage skill premium within firms.     

Geographical Location of Foreign Direct Investment and Wage Inequality in China

This paper examines the relationships between distance and the transportation costs of international trade on the location‐specific effects of foreign direct invest‐ment and provincial per capita income in China. Applying the economic geography model proposed by Redding and Venables (2004), it traces the increasing wage inequality among the coastal and inland provinces by focusing on the distance of foreign‐owned firms from access to international markets and to suppliers of intermediate inputs. First, a gravity‐type equation is used to construct the ‘market access’ and ‘supplier access’ variables. Then, the effect of market and supplier access on provincial wage rates is estimated. The results indicate that distance does affect international trade and geography explains roughly one‐third of the wage differential. Greater market access increases the provincial wage gap, while larger supplier access increases the wage difference in trade destined for the foreign market but decreases the wage difference in trade targeted for the domestic market. Similar findings also result from applying the estimations to two local firm types: state‐owned enterprises and collective‐owned enterprises.     

市场开放度、劳动生产率与我国地区工资差异

以新经济地理学的空间工资结构理论为基础,实证分析了我国西部大开发以来市场开放度、劳动生产率与地区工资差异之间的关系,结果表明,从全国角度来看,市场开放度和人力资本的增加对工资增长的贡献效应很显著,劳动生产率和外商直接投资的增加虽然对工资增长的贡献效应为正,但其效果并不明显;分东、中、西地区来看,市场开放度增加对工资增长的贡献,东部高于中部,更高于西部;人力资本的贡献效应则恰好与之相反;劳动生产率和外商直接投资的增加对工资增长的贡献效应在不同地区的差别并不明显。     

国际公平贸易运动:一个南北贸易的新潮流

公平贸易作为南北贸易的一种新型贸易形式,走过了70多年的发展历程,并取得了瞩目的成绩。公平贸易促进了南方国家的可持续发展,其产品成为南方国家小生产者和劳动工人开辟北方国家市场的主要工具。本文从公平贸易的发展历程、公平贸易网络和成员组织、公平贸易的参与者和运作机制三个方面展现出公平贸易的全貌,并对公平贸易在原则、标签、消费市场、发展中国家长期比较优势方面所面临的挑战进行分析。     

Setting Standards: Strategic Advantages in International Trade

Among the most important technical barriers to trade are the different standards, testing and certification measures for products and services. Efforts to co-ordinate these within Europe - including the EU's increasing reliance on private sector standards bodies - are now underway. The EU's single market has not only integrated national markets, but has also shaped trading principles at the international level. The EU has exported its trade principles to third country markets and European companies have gained strategic advantages in influencing standards both internally within Europe and externally at the international and transatlantic level. Firms should invest resources and actively participate in setting standards to protect and increase their competitive advantage.     

贸易增长与工资差距(1990～2009)——基于劳动禀赋结构和技术效应结构的经验研究

文章从劳动禀赋结构和技术效应结构视角建立模型,研究中国近20年贸易增长与工资差距的关系。回归、Granger检验和Chow突变点分析发现:工资差距主要受与人均GNI更高国家之间贸易占贸易总额比率的影响,两者呈负相关关系;与低技能劳动密集型产品的产值占GDP比重关系密切;同时也和加工贸易、高新技术产品贸易的增长有显著的负的线性相关关系;事实表面上有悖于实际却佐证了要素价格均等化理论和S-S定理,而被广为引用的中间产品贸易模型和贸易的科技进步效应理论在某个角度上却缺乏经验支持;全球化与"赶超"式发展必然导致工资差距进一步扩大。     

全球价值链下的地方产业集群持续竞争优势研究

文章从能力的角度对全球价值链下的地方产业集群进行了研究.文章认为异质性能力是全球价值链下地方产业集群竞争优势的基础;动态能力是全球价值链下地方产业集群持续竞争优势的来源;集群学习是全球价值链下地方产业集群持续竞争优势获得的路径.最后,文章从集群学习的视角提出了全球价值链下地方产业集群发展战略.