Service Firms Heterogeneity,International Collaborations and Export Participation

The paper investigates the relationship between service firms’ international collaboration strategies and export decision. It proposes an extension of the recent class of models of firm heterogeneity, intermediation and international trade according to which service firms can engage in a collaboration agreement with a foreign partner in order to favour their market access and distribution activities overseas. The paper analyses the empirical relevance of this model by means of a new survey dataset providing information on the internationalization activities of 814 Norwegian firms in the service sectors for the period 2004–2006. The econometric results point out that international collaboration, both on existing and on innovative services, is indeed an important factor to foster service firms’ decision to enter the export market.     

生产率和产品品质双重异质性对企业出口的影响:文献综述

伴随着异质性企业贸易理论的兴起,国际贸易理论研究开始真正给予产品品质差异问题以足够的重视。引入产品品质差异,在生产率和产品品质双重异质性框架下重新剖析企业出口行为选择、出口价格决定及其空间分布特征是异质性贸易理论发展的最新前沿动态,理论研究和经验分析都得到许多创新性观点。与此同时,为克服以单位价格衡量企业出口产品品质进行经验分析的缺陷,多种出口产品品质的测算方法得到开发,如直接估计法、品质调整价格指数法和反推法等。本文梳理了目前国内外已有的理论研究文献,并对相关的经验研究和出口产品品质的测算方法进行比较性评述,指出未来的研究方向。     

Export Market Participation,Investments in R&D and Worker Training,and the Evolution of Firm Productivity

This paper uses micro panel data for firms in the Taiwanese electronics industry in 1986, 1991 and 1996 to investigate a firm's decision to invest in two sources of knowledge – participation in the export market and investments in R&D and/or worker training – and assess their effect on the firm's future productivity. The firm's decisions to export and invest in R&D and/or worker training are modelled with a bivariate probit model that recognises the interdependence of the decisions. The effect of these investments on the firm's future productivity trajectory is then modelled while controlling for the selection bias introduced by endo‐genous firm exit. The findings indicate a significant interaction effect between exporting and R&D investments and future productivity, after controlling for size, age and current productivity. Firms that undertake both investment activities have significantly higher future productivity than firms that do one or neither. In addition, these firms are more likely to continue investing in these activities leading to further productivity gains. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that export experience is an important source of productivity growth for Taiwanese firms and that firm investments in R&D and worker training facilitate their ability to benefit from their exposure to the export market.     

Intermediaries,Firm Heterogeneity and Exporting Behaviour

In this paper, we present one of the first work on the relation between firm productivity and exporting behaviour in the presence of intermediaries. Using a standard trade framework à la Melitz (2003, Econometrica, 71 , 6, 1695) and Chaney (2009, American Economic Review, 98, 4 , 1707), we find that the most productive firms have sales in the home country and also exporting directly to foreign countries, followed by firms with sales in the home country and exporting both directly and through intermediaries, by firms with sales in the home country and exporting through intermediaries, and finally by firms with sales in the home country only. These theoretical predictions are borne out in a data set of 12,679 firms in 29 developing economies during the 2002–06 period.     

Firm Heterogeneity,Endogenous Quality,and Traded Goods Prices

A model with endogenous quality and firm heterogeneity is developed. Firms can invest in quality, and quality investment is relatively skill intensive. The model is used to account for two findings in the empirical literature on traded goods prices, lacking a formal explanation in the theoretical literature thus far. First, the model provides a theoretical explanation for Schott's (Quarterly Journal of Economics 2004, 119, 647) empirical finding that relatively skill‐abundant countries export higher priced goods. Firms in these countries invest more in quality and therefore sell higher quality, higher priced goods. Second, the opposite effects of importer market size on traded goods prices at the firm level (positive) and at the aggregate level (negative) identified in the empirical literature can be explained with the model. In a larger market, the incentive to invest in quality is larger for each firm, leading to higher firm‐level prices. Due to a selection effect, also less productive firms selling goods of lower quality can export to larger markets, implying lower aggregate prices.     

进口中间品、进口资本品与企业出口复杂度

本文利用迭代法测算了企业出口复杂度,并考察了资本品和中间品等不同类型进口产品对企业出口复杂度的差异性影响。结果表明:进口资本品可以提升中国企业出口复杂度,而进口中间品则抑制其出口复杂度;进口中间品对外资企业出口复杂度的抑制程度要强于本土企业,这印证了加工贸易低端锁定效应的存在;进口中间品提升了高技术制造业和一般贸易企业的出口复杂度,抑制非高技术制造业和加工贸易企业的出口复杂度;进口资本品只显著提升了本土企业、高技术制造业以及一般贸易企业的出口复杂度;在影响机制检验中,进口中间品对企业出口复杂度的抑制作用主要是由企业研发投入被抑制、研发部门人力资本被挤出而引致的。     

贸易网络与企业出口动态

本文探讨国际贸易网络对企业出口动态的影响及其作用机制。首先以2000—2016年跨国双边贸易数据为基础构建国别贸易网络指标体系,衡量一国在全球贸易体系中的相对位置,并由此对接中国企业层面出口数据构建企业出口网络指标,再进一步在引力模型中研究企业贸易网络对出口动态的影响。研究发现:将企业贸易网络指标引入到引力模型后,模型对于企业出口动态的解释力更强。企业当期的一阶、二阶和高阶贸易网络指标提高一个单位,会使得企业—市场下期成功出口的概率分别提升4.86%、4.70%和8.93%,出口额分别增加68.55%、65.25%和128.86%,成功存活的概率分别提升5.97%、5.76%和10.90%。在基准回归中加入扩展地理距离项与控制不同层面固定效应后,结果依然稳健。异质性分析表明,中国企业的出口会根据不同层面的目的地网络信息进行调整,网络信息对企业出口动态的影响存在产品异质性。动态分析表明,相较于地理距离,企业贸易网络指标对企业出口动态有着更强的解释力。本文提出了将网络分析方法与计量经济学相结合的新思路,具有一定的学术价值。     

企业异质性与对外直接投资区位选择——基于生产率和所有权视角的研究

基于2000-2011年的中国工业企业数据库和商务部的《境外投资企业(机构)名录》的相关数据,将投资目的 地划分成一带一路国家和非一带一路国家两种类型,运用multinomial logit模型,从企业生产率和企业所有权(企业与政府之间关系的密切程度)的视角检验了企业异质性与企业对外直接投资区位选择的关系.实证结果表明:高生产率优势对于促进企业选择到一带一路国家进行直接投资的推动作用不大,但能显著地促进企业选择到非一带一路国家进行直接投资;相比于对非一带一路国家的直接投资,企业与政府之间关系的密切程度对于企业选择向一带一路国家进行直接投资的影响更大,且更加显著;企业在选择对一带一路国家进行直接投资时,其与政府之间的密切关系可以弥补企业在全要素生产率方面的不足.此外,在进一步研究中发现,企业的生产率和所有权异质性同时还会影响到企业在一带一路国家内部不同区域间进行直接投资的区位选择.     

人民币升值、商品异质性与出口结构调整

本文基于2005-2012年间中国对20个主要出口市场HS六位数编码的细分商品出口数据,利用样本选择模型与Hausman-Taylor AR(1)回归相结合的两阶段估计方法,分析评估了人民币升值对我国出口商品结构的影响与传导机制。研究发现,人民币升值在抑制出口总量增长的同时,支持高技术产品的出口比重提升,推动出口商品结构的"高端化"演进。与此同时,由于人民币升值对中等技术制成品的负面冲击强于资源性产品,使得出口商品结构趋向于"低端化"发展。人民币升值的结构调整效应主要通过成本因素的传导机制发挥作用,异质性商品在成本结构上的差异性,决定了本币升值的成本节约利得悬殊,进而导致出口价格和出口规模发生不同程度的变动,最终引起出口商品结构的动态调整。     

内生创新、进出口行为与企业的绩效

企业创新能力与企业的绩效紧密相连。文章以异质性企业实证产业组织理论模型为基础,提出了全面测度企业内生R&D与进出口行为影响企业绩效的实证研究框架,探究了企业异质性与R&D的动态交互机制和企业绩效之间的相互关系。研究结论表明,企业进口的产品类别、R&D以及它们的交互机制,在提高企业的TFP的同时,能够显著地提高企业的价格加成。不同所有制结构下的效应明显不同。据此提出了优化异质性企业R&D投资组合和提升企业绩效的对策建议。     

出口产品质量、行业异质性与工薪差距

使用CEPII 中BACI-HS02 的微观贸易数据库,选取中国2007-2016 年制造业21个细分行业的面板数据,从不同类型行业角度研究了出口产品质量升级对工薪差距的影响及作用机制.研究结果发现:从总体来看,出口产品质量提升扩大了工薪差距,但出口产品质量对工薪差距的影响具有行业异质性,中高技术行业的出口产品质量提高将扩大工薪差距,低技术行业出口产品质量变化对工薪差距没有影响;分行业来看,低中高技术行业的出口份额变化对工薪差距没有影响,资本劳动比提高将会扩大工薪差距,高技术行业研发投入增加会扩大工薪差距,中技术行业利用外资增加会扩大工薪差距;出口产品质量提高将提升出口产品价格,但出口产品质量对产品价格的影响存在行业异质性,其中,高技术行业出口产品质量提高将提升产品价格以及高技能劳动力的技能溢价,低技术行业出口产品质量提高将降低出口产品价格,中技术行业出口产品质量对出口产品价格没有影响;工薪差距与高技能劳动力供给之间存在倒U形的关系,即工薪差距随高技能劳动力供给的增加呈现先扩大后缩小的变动趋势.     

减税降费、民营企业异质性与创新发展

民营企业创新发展关系到我国现代化经济体系建设和市场经济的繁荣稳定,本文运用民营企业横截面数据,实证分析减税降费与民营企业创新发展之间的内在逻辑.研究视角定位于企业的异质性,从民营企业的营收规模、技术密集度、员工规模等不同角度,探讨减税降费政策实施后减降红利收益在异质性民营企业间的归属.研究发现:实质性减税降费政策对大型民营企业而言是多重利好,对中小型民营企业而言则存在显著差异;员工规模与减税降费红利成正相关,营收规模与减税降费红利的相关性因营收规模不同而有差别.本文基于研究结论提出了相应的对策建议.     

汇率变动与出口扩展边际——兼论企业异质性行为

本文采用中国海关进出口数据库与中国工业企业数据库匹配后的微观企业数据实证分析企业层面实际有效汇率变动(汇率变化和汇率波动)对中国企业出口扩展边际(出口市场个数和出口商品种类数)的影响。总体样本的研究结果表明,汇率波动对企业出口扩展边际有显著的负向影响;相比之下汇率值的变化则与企业出口市场数正相关,人民币升值时会促进企业拓展出口市场;OLS和固定效应下汇率变化对企业出口商品种类的影响符号正负不一。本文进一步按照四种标准划分的子样本回归结果显示,不同企业在面临汇率变动时的反应具有异质性。     

Implications of Firm Controllable Factors on Export Growth

The need to stimulate export activity of U.S. companies has motivated research on export behavior of firms. Based on the strategic export model, this study attempts to investigate firm controllable factors that stimulate export growth. A survey of 640 small and medium sized manufacturing firms engaged in exporting showed that having a high commitment to exporting, having a possitive attitude toward exporting by placing less importance on perceived barriers to exporting (or export growth), having a customized product adaptation policy and willingness to modify the product, and seeking outside export assistance contribute to export success measured by export growth. International market expansion strategy did not seem to be associate with export growth.     

内外资效率门槛、异质性对企业自主创新的时空影响

内外资效率差异对异质企业R&D投资产生了显著的时空和门槛影响。首先,构建异质性理论模型认为,异质企业R&D投资存在自选择效应,金融效率门槛对R&D资金差异配置导致其R&D投资规模提升程度不同。其次,结合三阶段DEA模型、工业企业数据及空间计量发现,(1)内外资效率对企业R&D投资具有空间溢出影响且随时间变化程度增强,其效率差异在东西中部地区边际递减(2)异质企业R&D自选择行为在不同企业中显著存在且内外资效率门槛特征显著存在。衍生功能缺失下的内资低效对生产率较低企业R&D投资错配影响显著,但随其门槛值提高,低效现象逐渐弱化;外资效率对生产率较高企业R&D投资影响显著,两者具有互补性。提升内资效率是跨越企业R&D投资瓶颈的重要途径。     

企业异质性与FDI行为:理论研究进展综述

基于企业异质性视角解释跨国企业的对外直接投资行为是目前国际直接投资领域的研究前沿和热点之一。本文从国际化路径、投资方式、投资动机三个方面对异质性跨国企业FDI行为的相关理论研究成果进行了梳理和评述,以清晰地刻画关于企业异质性与FDI行为的最新理论研究动向和成果,最后指出了该领域目前研究的不足及未来可拓展的方向。     

Innovation and Trade Policy Coordination: The Role of Firm Heterogeneity

Recent studies have concluded that R&D grants can induce firms to export and that exporting and innovating can be complementary activities at the firm level. Yet the trade literature has paid little attention to the scope of innovation policy as a stimulus to both trade and innovation. To investigate this question, we rely on a general workhorse model of trade and firm heterogeneity with firm investments in R&D activities. The interplay of innovation and trade policies uncover novel results. In particular, we show that the effects of either policy depend on the degree of protectionism in a country. Therefore, countries can respond differently to the same policy, and similarly to different policies. In such a context, different governments may face different trade‐offs in achieving a given target.     

外资进入与企业出口贸易增加值——基于中国微观企业异质性视角

本文利用2001-2007年中国微观企业数据,在对企业出口贸易增加值测算的基础上,从动态角度分析了外资进入对我国企业出口贸易增加值率产生的作用效应及影响机制。研究发现:外资存在显著促进了我国企业出口贸易增加值率的提升,而外资进入速度和规律性则产生了明显的抑制作用;发达国家外资是提升我国企业出口贸易增加值率的主要推动力,港澳台地区外资的作用并不显著;行业技术水平显著调节外资存在对企业出口贸易增加值率的促进作用,但调节作用因外资来源不同而存在差异。我国应继续发挥外资进入的溢出效应,实施有选择的引资政策,创造公平市场环境,提高企业生产率、人力资本水平及研发投入,这是提升企业出口贸易增加值、推进我国由贸易大国向贸易强国转变的必要途径。     

Location Advantages,Firm Advantages,and Export Success in the Latin American Automotive Parts Industry

Abstract

This paper examines the influence of location advantages and firm-level advantages on the propensity of Latin American firms to export. An empirical test based on Latin American firms in the automobile parts industry suggests that firms in more competitive Latin American country environments are more likely to export than those in less competitive country environments. Also, older and larger firms are more likely to export than are younger and smaller firms, and businesses that are subsidiary companies are more likely to export than are independent companies. Implications for managers and policy makers are presented.     

Redistribution of Trade Gains in the Presence of Firm and Worker Heterogeneity

Trade gains are unequally distributed; in particular, low‐ability workers lose out in terms of wages and employment probability. In this paper, we investigate the impact of redistribution schemes on aggregate and disaggregate variables. To this end, we built a trade model with trade unions, heterogeneous firms and workers. Three redistribution schemes are distinguished: unemployment benefits financed by either a wage tax, a payroll tax or a profit tax. We find that: (i) all three redistribution schemes reduce output per capita; (ii) but the marginal reduction is lowest in the wage tax funding scenario; and (iii) If the profit tax is used, labour demand for low‐ability workers increases.