Export Specialisation and Local Economic Growth

This paper aims to provide empirical evidence on whether export specialization or diversification is better for local economic growth. Using export data from 354 magisterial districts of South Africa for 1996 and 2001 we estimate spatial growth regressions that include measures of the degree of export specialization and diversification. Overall, exporting regions outperform other (less or non‐) exporting regions. Also, we find that export specialisation, rather than export diversification, has been associated with local economic growth; with specialization in mining and agriculture being especially beneficial. Our results support the view that specialization in a locality’s area of comparative advantage is good for local economic development. We also find that localities with higher initial levels of human capital, and higher subsequent population growth, performed better. This is consistent with the belief that policies aimed at strengthening human capital and improving agglomeration economies, will enhance local economic development.     

生产率决定中国企业出口倾向吗——企业所有制异质性视角的分析

本文围绕生产率与企业出口倾向的前沿论题,从企业所有制异质性视角进行实证分析。中国企业的出口区别于国外成熟市场经济体,出口倾向并非完全由生产率决定,而是依所有制类型不同表现出巨大差异。本文首次提出了中国总体企业生产率和出口倾向之间潜在的"倒U形"关系,从所有制异质性视角予以化解,并运用各所有制的分样本计量检验了"自我选择效应"假说在中国的有限适用性,从而为中国企业出口决策提供了稳健的经验支持。     

Export Entry,Export Exit and Productivity in German Manufacturing Industries

This paper contributes to the flourishing literature on exports and productivity by using a unique newly available panel of exporting establishments from the manufacturing sector of Germany from 1995 to 2004 to test three hypotheses motivated by a theoretical model by Hopenhayn (Econometrica 1992): (H1) Firms that stop exporting in year t were in t?1 less productive than firms that continue to export in t. (H2) Firms that start to export in year t are less productive than firms that export both in year t?1 and in year t. (H3) Firms from a cohort of export starters that still export in the last year of the panel were more productive in the start year than firms from the same cohort that stopped exporting in between. While results for West Germany support all three hypotheses, this is only the case for (H1) and (H2) in East Germany.     

中国纺织企业出口与生产率关系:基于上市公司 2001～2010年数据的实证检验

本文采用中国纺织类上市公司2001～2010年数据,对新新贸易理论关于企业出口与生产率关系的两个假说进行实证检验,结果表明:(1)出口企业比非出口企业具有更高生产率,出口高参与度企业比低参与度企业具有更高生产率;(2)样本企业存在自选择,即生产率差异是决定企业是否参与出口的原因,且出口高参与度企业此关系更趋明显;(3)就所有样本企业而言,不存在"出口中学",但出口高参与度企业的单独检验显示存在此效应。本文认为,采用过去10～15年数据对中国企业的检验,除了已关注到的贸易方式、所有制等特殊问题外,企业特定贸易壁垒等因素也有待进一步考察。     

融资约束、生产率与企业出口:基于中国企业不同贸易方式的分析

文章在Melitz(2003)的基础上,将融资约束引入异质性企业贸易模型,进而研究不同贸易方式中企业出口比重变化在融资约束和企业生产率上的差异和变化。研究结果表明:(1)企业出口比重提高有助于降低融资约束。(2)低生产率的企业以加工贸易的形式扩大出口,高生产率的企业会以一般贸易的形式扩大出口。实证研究采用海关数据和制造业企业数据,检验结果支持理论假设。中国出口企业主要通过出口比重的边际调整来最大化融资约束与企业生产率之间的得失,因此若想通过"出口学习效应"更快成长,政府应该采取双管齐下的策略即松解融资约束和转变出口增长方式。     

出口与企业生产率:基于中国经验的再思考

出口到底给中国企业生产率带来何种作用效应,既有文献的结论存在诸多矛盾之处。在着重考虑已有文献并未考虑到的企业TFP测算方法、企业进口以及出口贸易方式这3个方面因素的基础上,本文重新检验出口对中国企业生产率的作用效应,结果发现:除了纯加工贸易类型企业外,中国制造业企业的出口行为仍呈现自我选择效应;从新进入出口市场企业的角度来看,中国企业的出口活动中存在显著的"出口中学习"效应,这为出口对中国企业生产率所具有的促进效应提供了支持证据;从出口密集度的角度来看,企业的出口活动中存在"生产率损失"或"生产率抑制"效应,这又反映出口对中国企业生产率可能具有的负面效应。本文的检验结果及其解释,为理解出口对中国企业生产率的作用效应、判断出口对中国经济发展的综合作用效应提供了更为合理的微观经验证据。     

出口和生产率:基于异质性企业的实证研究综述

新新贸易理论框架下异质性企业出口和生产率的关系可以用两种假说来概括——"自我选择出口"和"出口导致增长"。文章回顾了十多年来学者们用各个国家的企业数据对这两种假说的验证,对比和评析了相关的研究方法、研究结论、实证结果的原因等,对我国出口企业"生产率悖论"的原因进行总结与探讨,并提出了未来的研究思路与方向。     

出口贸易、后向关联与全要素生产率

利用中国36个工业行业的数据,首先采用DEA方法测算了Malmquist生产率指数及其成分——效率变化和技术进步,随后考察了出口的水平联系以及后向链接对测算指标的影响。结果发现:总样本下水平联系对生产率及技术进步均有显著的促进作用,而对效率变化影响不显著,垂直链接则均不显著;三资出口企业和内资出口企业的出口水平效应与总样本一致,三资出口企业由于多从事加工贸易而与上游国内企业联系不足,其后向链接不显著,内资出口企业以一般贸易为主,其后向链接显著为正。     

生产率和产品品质双重异质性对企业出口的影响:文献综述

伴随着异质性企业贸易理论的兴起,国际贸易理论研究开始真正给予产品品质差异问题以足够的重视。引入产品品质差异,在生产率和产品品质双重异质性框架下重新剖析企业出口行为选择、出口价格决定及其空间分布特征是异质性贸易理论发展的最新前沿动态,理论研究和经验分析都得到许多创新性观点。与此同时,为克服以单位价格衡量企业出口产品品质进行经验分析的缺陷,多种出口产品品质的测算方法得到开发,如直接估计法、品质调整价格指数法和反推法等。本文梳理了目前国内外已有的理论研究文献,并对相关的经验研究和出口产品品质的测算方法进行比较性评述,指出未来的研究方向。     

Export and Firm Performance: Evidence on Productivity and Profitability of Italian Companies

Empirical research in international trade has shown that exporting firms display higher productivity than their non-exporting competitors. This paper focuses on the relation between export and profitability. Our evidence on Italian exporting firms shows that exporting activity is not systematically associated to higher firm’s profitability. This is shown both by means of non-parametric methods and, with an approach that is more standard within the empirical trade literature, by regression techniques that try to identify an “export premium”.     

A Taxonomic Analysis of Export Marketing Strategy:

This study focused on a taxonomic analysis of export marketing strategy pursued by U.S. electronics exporters, and identified six distinct strategy types, i.e., innovative differentiation, low price leadership, promotion- and technology-based differentiation, low price leadership with deemphasis on technology, marketing differntiation with product adaptation, and "stuck in the middle." The study also identified the significant impact of export marketing strategy on export performance. Two strategy types, i.e., low price leadership and innovative differentiation, were found to be particularly successful.     

Trade and Productivity in a Transition Economy: the Role of Industry and Export Destination

This paper focuses on the joint role of industry technology intensity and export market characteristics in the analysis of export-related productivity gains. Using a unique database of Ukrainian manufacturing firms in 2000-06, we classify all manufacturing sectors according to their technology intensity and estimate destination-specific learning by exporting effects separately for firms operating in high and low technology sectors. New exporters in high technology sectors enjoy robust long-term productivity growth premia when targeting advanced export markets, consistent with learning through exports. Export entrants in low technology sectors, instead, enjoy mostly short-term productivity improvements regardless of the export destination. Our findings suggest that the systematic distinction between the technology intensity of various industries is a relevant dimension for empirical studies on destination-specific learning by exporting.     

Export Credit Guarantees and Export Performance: An Empirical Analysis for Germany

Recent literature finds that exporters are particularly vulnerable to financial market frictions. As a consequence, exports may be lower than their efficient levels. For this reason, many countries support exporters by underwriting export credit guarantees. The empirical evidence on the effects of those policies is, however, very limited. In this paper, we use sectoral data on export credit guarantees issued by the German government. We investigate whether those guarantees indeed do increase exports and whether they remedy the export‐restricting effect of credit market imperfections both on the sectoral and on the export‐market levels. Exploiting the sectoral structure of a rich three‐way panel data set of German exports, we control for unobserved heterogeneity on the country‐year, sector‐year and country‐sector dimensions. We document a robust export‐increasing effect of guarantees. There is some evidence that the effect is larger for export markets with poor financial institutions and in sectors that rely more on external finance.     

Exporting and Environmental Performance: A Firm‐level Productivity Analysis

The objective of this paper is to study empirically the relationship between export orientation and firms’ environmental performance from different perspectives of trade theory. On the one hand, productivity heterogeneity is analysed within the new trade‐theoretical framework. The approach followed is to determine firm‐level productivity components, including an environmental productivity indicator (as a performance measure) and taking as reference the Spanish food industry. On the other hand, from the traditional comparative advantage perspective, this study also develops an export performance model to evaluate the effect of technology, environmental variables and factor endowment on exporting. The results show greater environmental productivity and corporate efficiency for export‐oriented firms. Our findings also determine the positive effect on firms’ export intensity of environmental performance as a factor of specialisation and technology proficiency.     

政府支出的经济增长效应:1993-2005年间我国省级层面的分解分析

在阐明内生增长模型框架内政府支出促进经济增长的理论机制并回顾相关实证文献的基础上,本文采用S.Ghosh & U.Roy政府支出的经济增长效应模型框架,将政府支出考虑为公共资本和公共服务两大类,在省级层面上对1993-2005年间我国地方政府财政支出的经济增长效应进行实证计量.最后,依据经济计量结论,检验S.Ghosh＆U.Rov模型的理论含义,结合我国的实际国情进行具体分析,并就促进我国经济增长的政府财政支出政策提出建议.     

我国外贸出口结构变化与比较优势实证分析

本文采用联合国世界贸易数据对我国外贸出口的宏观表现、市场结构、产品结构和显性比较优势进行了实证分析,并与其它一些主要国家的出口进行比较,对我国未来外贸出口的发展趋势作了预测。     

Export Stages and Export Barriers: Revisiting Traditional Export Development

This study revisits the stage model dialogue by testing seven hypotheses on the relationship between stages of export development and the influence of export barriers. Empirical data are based on a sample of 145 New Zealand firms, and the analysis combines a six‐stage framework with an illustrative list of barriers, while going a step further than previous research by examining the effect of covariates. Empirical results demonstrate that resource constraints, marketing barriers, knowledge and experience barriers, and export‐procedure barriers are “export stage dependent.” However, regarding export‐stage‐dependent barriers, differences exist only when we compare the early to the very advanced stages of development. These results also refute the grand hypothesis, which suggests an inverse relationship between export stages and the influence of export barriers. While the stage model typology still provides a practicable basis for need‐based segmentation, it does not capture completely the heterogeneity associated with the middle stages. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Perceived Export Problems and Export Involvement:

A relatively limited amount of empirical research has focused on problems and issues pertaining to exporting from countries not associated with an advanced level of economic development. This paper reports on a systematic study of problems experienced by Greek exporting manufacturers in their trading activities with overseas distributors based in European Community (EC). In this context, an attempt is made, firstly, to investigate the underlying structure of exporting problems, and secondly, to examine the extent to which there are significant differences in perceptions of exporting problems based upon the degree of export involvement. A number of significant differences are found to exist in perceived export problems between different exporter categories in terms of export involvement. The implications of the study for business practitioners and public policy makers are highlighted, and future research directions are identified and discussed.     

外商直接投资与我国出口总量及结构、基础设施投入的相关关系分析

外商直接投资作为出口的重要促进力量,对我国经济增长起了巨大的推动作用。本文利用计量经济学模型,分别对1981-1997年和1981-2001年外商直接投资与我国出口总量及结构、基础设施投入与外商投资之间的关系进行回归分析,结果表明:外商直接投资对我国出口总量增长贡献巨大且呈上升趋势,在促进我国产业结构升级中的作用有所提高,今后应加强对软件环境的建设,吸引更多外资流入,同时要进一步加强外商投资对我国产业结构升级的促进作用。