Carbon Border Adjustment and Other Trade Policy Approaches for Climate Protection

Intereconomics - The idea of a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) is crucial to level the playing field between domestic producers and foreign suppliers of carbon-intensive products.     

从集体行动的逻辑看国际贸易保护与地区性自由贸易区的盛行

传统的贸易理论认为,自由贸易是每一个国家的追求目标,而且每个国家都将朝这个方向努力。然而,事实上具有共同利益的每个国家并没采取一致的行动,国际贸易争端却频频发生,自由贸易格局难以产生。本文从集体行动逻辑的视角考察了上述问题,并指出贸易中的国家都在按奥尔森提供的思路,缓解集体行动困境:(1)减少集团成员数量;(2)提供“不对称”收益;(3)提供选择性激励。这对当今的国际贸易格局有一定的解释力。     

金砖国家发展自由贸易区的战略冲突与利益协调

自由贸易区是多边贸易体制的有效补充。实施自由贸易区战略是当今世界各主要经济体的主要政策选择。金砖国家也在积极推动自由贸易区建设,以加深其对外经贸联系。文章通过分析金砖国家发展自由贸易区的战略重点、利益诉求、推进方案,试图寻找彼此之间的共同利益、潜在冲突和冲突根源。由于金砖国家对自由贸易区的功能定位、认知及利益诉求存在明显差异,其战略利益冲突不可避免。短期内金砖国家存在着被排斥在彼此的自由贸易区建设之外的可能性。因此,建议建立相应的利益评估与冲突化解机制,积极倡导建立"金砖国家自由贸易区",扩大经贸合作,夯实共同利益基础。     

Malaysian Trade Policy and the 2001 WTO Trade Policy Review

The purpose of this paper is two–fold; to examine developments in trade and investment policy regimes in Malaysia following the on–set of the financial crisis, using the Trade Policy Review Malaysia: 2001 of the WTO as a reference point; and to evaluate the Review in terms of the objectives of the WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism as set out in the Marrakesh Agreement. It is found that, by and large Malaysia has managed to come out of the crisis without compromising on its long–standing commitment to maintaining a relatively open trade and investment policy regime by the regional standards. However, there are some disturbing post–crisis developments, which deserve scrutiny in a future Review. These include increase in the degree of dispersion of tariff rates because of high tariff peaks relating to a few product lines, increased reliance on non–automatic import licensing to regulate imports of a significant number of products which directly compete with domestic production by public sector enterprises, and unexplained delays in meeting commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)     

China,Pakistan Sign Free Trade Agreement

The People＇s Republic of China ＆ Pakistan Islamic Republic Free Trade Agreement （FTA） was signed by Chinese Commerce Minister Bo Xilai and his Pakistani counterpart Jumayun Akhtar Khan, in the presence of Chinese President Hu Jintao and his Pakistani counterpart Pervez Musharraf in Islamabad,     

对外贸易、环境污染与政策调整

我国改革开放以来实行的以出口导向为主的外贸发展战略是基于自然资源、劳动力、环境标准等方面的比较优势,虽然极大地促进了经济增长,但同时也带来了严重的环境污染。本文认为在核算比较优势时未考虑环境成本是导致污染的重要原因,并在此基础上提出了调整我国出口导向产业政策的几点建议。     

建立中国和澳大利亚自由贸易区的经济影响分析及政策建议

加入世贸组织后,中国逐渐重视双边自由贸易协定的积极作用,继中国-东盟(“10+1”)自由贸易区之后,中国和澳大利亚的自由贸易协定正在协商之中。本文目的是研究中国和澳大利亚建立自由贸易区后对中澳两国和其他国家的经济影响。本文采用全球贸易分析模型,对自由化方案作了分析,研究结果表明:中澳两国间存在明显的经济互补性,建立自由贸易区将改进两国和世界总福利,澳大利亚的农业和工业都将受益,农业部门所得利益大于工业部门,中国所得利益全部来自劳动力密集型的工业部门,而农业部门会受到一定的冲击。最后,基于模拟分析结果,提出应对措施和政策建议。     

WTO贸易救济措施与战略性贸易政策

战略性贸易政策主要是通过征收关税、提供出口补贴和数量限制等措施来扶持本国的产业,提高竞争优势,在市场上占领更大的市场份额。WTO是当今世界多边贸易体制的组织和法律基础。GATT经历了八轮贸易谈判后,关税大幅度降低,一些补贴也不允许使用,这对成员方战略性贸易政策措施的使用起到了限制作用。与此同时,WTO的反倾销、反补贴和保障措施等贸易救济措施目前却成为了一些国家实施战略性贸易政策的新工具。本文阐述了WTO贸易救济措施的相关规定对战略性贸易政策的常用工具关税、补贴和数量限制行使的影响及我国应采取的对策。     

试论中国与东盟自由贸易区

2001年11月6日,中国与东盟达成了在10年内建成“中国－东盟自由贸易区”的协议。中国－东盟自由贸易区的建立有着深刻的背景和坚实的基础,并将对中国、东盟乃至世界经济产生重大的影响。我国应充分利用中国－东盟自由贸易区给我们带来的机遇,积极参与区域经济合作,推动东亚地区经济一体化进程。     

Small Hubs,Large Spokes and Overlapping Free Trade Agreements

The proliferation of overlapping free trade agreements (FTA) in recent years has led to pair‐wise hub‐and‐spokes (HAS) throughout the world. Being avid subscribers to FTAs, many countries in the Asia‐Pacific region, including the United States, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand and Australia, have become trade hubs to their partners who are in turn relegated to spoke status. In this paper, we question whether being a hub is welfare optimal for a small and open economy such as Singapore compared to membership in a single bilateral FTA or a multi‐member free trade zone. Within this context, we use a computable general equilibrium model to examine the welfare implications of the triangular trade relationship of the United States, Singapore and Japan. This is facilitated by the Japan–Singapore Economic Partnership Agreement, the USA–Singapore Free Trade Agreement, and a hypothetical USA–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement. The analysis is extended to incorporate ‘super‐hub’ effects, that is, the spoke countries could be trade hubs in other HAS systems. Our experiment reveals that hub status generates positive welfare gain and is the highest Singapore can get from the trade configurations considered. Meanwhile, Japan loses more than the USA when both are relegated to spoke status. These findings prove to be robust under different market structures and production technologies, deeper economic integration, ‘super‐hub’ effects, as well as uncertainty in the key model parameters and the extent of trade liberalisation shocks.     

美国对外贸易及其政策的变化

美国虽然不是一个外向型经济的国家,但鉴于它的进出口贸易在国际贸易总额中所占的份额和在美国经济中日益重要的作用,美国的对外贸易政策自二战以来就开始具有世界性的影响。美国的对外贸易政策也因此长期受到各方的关注。从大范围来看,在立国200多年的历史中,美国的对外贸易政策大致经历过三个阶段的变化。     

Trade Policy in a Small Advanced Transition Economy: Trade Policy Review of Slovenia, 2002

The aim of this paper is a commentary to the first Trade Policy Review (TPR) of Slovenia and to shed more light on the background of the whole process of trade liberalisation and transition in Slovenia during the 1990s. The TPR praises Slovenia for its sound trade regime, which is in conformity to Slovenia's commitments to the multilateral trading system and detects only a few open issues. The paper puts these issues in a broader context of Slovenia's trade liberalisation after independence in 1991 and recent harmonisation with the EU in the pre‐accession negotiation process. Although there is much scope for improvements in Slovenia's trade policies and practices, one should note that most of the open issues raised would disappear anyway upon Slovenia's accession to the EU by 1 May, 2004, and by subsequent adoption of the CET and full implementation of the acquis communautaire. Some of the problems, such as strong government support to agriculture implemented by Slovenia due to harmonisation with the EU's CAP should, however, be challenged at the broader multilateral level in the framework of the Doha Development Agenda.     

贸易政策不确定性、关税变动与企业生存

贸易政策不确定性上升和关税变动的互动叠加,是当前影响企业生存的重要风险因素。本文测度企业层面的贸易政策不确定性、出口关税和进口中间品关税,实证研究了贸易政策不确定性和关税变动以及二者的交互作用对企业生存的影响。总体层面实证结果表明:出口贸易政策不确定性对企业生存具有显著的负向影响,出口关税对企业生存具有显著的正向影响;进口贸易政策不确定性的影响不显著,进口中间品关税对企业生存具有显著的负向影响;随着贸易政策不确定性的上升,出口关税对企业生存的正效应减弱,进口中间品关税对企业生存的负效应增强。分层实证结果显示:本土企业和小微型企业生存受到出口贸易政策不确定性和进口中间品关税的负向冲击更大。