基于借款人保护视角的住房按揭贷款业务分析

文章在揭示住房按揭贷款的内涵与本质的基础上,总结出现阶段我国住房按揭贷款业务中借款人面临的主要问题有:开发商虚假承诺为业主办理按揭贷款、商业银行实施强制保险问题、商业贷款与公积金贷款问题、等额本金还款法与等额本息还款法的利息负担等。针对这些问题产生的原因以及影响,文章从保护借款人的角度分别提出相应的对策建议,包括:保费应与贷款余额同步减少,购房者应事前了解商业银行拒贷原因,购房者应结合自身的投资能力选择还款方式,人民银行应进一步明确对提前还贷违约金的规定等。     

A simulation approach to the choice between fixed and adjustable rate mortgages

This study uses a simulation approach to model the choice between a fixed rate mortgage (FRM) and an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM). Our simulations help assess the risks and benefits of choosing an ARM rather than a FRM. We represent the risk of the ARM with distributions of present value cost differentials for a variety of mortgage life periods. We provide insight on the financial planning aspect by modeling the impact of mortgage rate changes on the size of payments for ARMs. The simulations yield non-intuitive results that may lead to better decision making by borrowers.     

Do Savings Associations Have a Special Commitment to Housing?

In this paper, we investigate whether elimination of the savings association charter might reduce lending to nontraditional mortgage borrowers. We present a theoretical model of lender portfolio choice, in which nontraditional lenders have some market power and traditional lenders are price takers in the mortgage market. The comparative statics indicate differences between nontraditional and traditional lenders in terms of their asset allocation responses to changes in borrower income and house prices. Empirical tests indicate the absence of such differences between savings associations and commercial banks, suggesting that elimination of the savings association charter would not impair lending to nontraditional mortgage borrowers.     

Wimp or tough guy: Sequential default risk and signaling with mortgages

When analyzing what to do with a currently defaulted loan, the lender must consider the impact of his foreclosure versus workout decision on the expected payoff of subsequent loans as well as on the payoff of the current loan. This is because borrowers with future loan payoff dates can observe the lender's actions and update prior information regarding the lender's toughness or wimpiness when dealing with defaulted loans. In this paper we consider the strategic interaction between a lender and multiple borrowers, where borrowers have distinct, sequentially maturing mortgage loans and where the lender has private information regarding the magnitude of his foreclosure costs. We find that a variety of strategic outcomes can occur that explain the co-existence of workout and foreclosure in the mortgage marketplace. In general, the lender's workout/foreclosure response depends on the cost of bluffing (e.g., foreclosing when workout is cheaper) versus the value of reducing expected defaults and workout concession losses on future loans (e.g., imperfect foreclosure cost information leads future borrowers to payoff the mortgage when default would have been optimal under perfect information). Given recently revised expectations regarding the depth of the real estate recession, our results may explain the move by many lenders away from granting workout concessions and toward taking a harder line when dealing with defaulting borrowers.     

Commercial Mortgage Workout Strategy and Conditional Default Probability: Evidence from Special Serviced CMBS Loans

This study recognizes that commercial mortgage default is not a one-step process and examines a previously under explored aspect in the whole default process, that is the stage between the initial delinquency and default. We distinguish the servicers’ behavior from the borrowers’ behavior. A multinomial logit model is applied to analyze the servicers’ choice of workout options and a proportional hazard model is applied to analyze the borrower’s default decision-making process under time-varying conditions. We find that cash flow condition is the most significant factor in the servicers’ decision making process. We also find that borrowers make default decisions based upon both the equity position in the mortgage and the cash flow condition in the space market. Key real estate space market variables, such as market-level vacancy rates, also provide useful information in explaining commercial mortgage defaults. We find that special service seems to be successful in reducing the probability that a troubled loan will default. Finally, sensitivity analysis shows nontrivial economic significance of the impact of explanatory variables, real estate market variables in particular have the most significant impact on the pricing of special-serviced loans.     

The sensitivity of bank stock returns to real estate

According to the Federal Reserve Board, banking firms have recently been shifting significantly larger portions of their loan portfolios into real estate. This increase in real estate lending has caused concern about the continuing economic health of banks on the part of state and federal regulators, since changes in real estate returns, evidenced by changes in property value, can potentially have a significant impact on bank default risk and profit-ability. However, concerned parties do not seem to have explicitly considered the relationship between mortgage default risk and the specific characteristics of real estate investments.This study examines the sensitivities of stock returns for different bank groups, based on the percentage of total loans in real estate and the percentage of loans in five different mortgage categories (construction and development loans, farmland loans, one- to four-family residential loans, multifamily residential loans, and nonresidential and nonfarm loans), to changes in real estate market returns. This is done by developing and using a three-index model.The results of this study indicate that bank stocks, overall, are very sensitive to changes in real estae returns. Banks, with a larger portion of their total loans invested in all types of real estate loans, except farmland loans, are most sensitive to changes in real estate returns.     

房地产贷款中的信息不充分及其风险

房地产市场价格波动之所以能够引起银行房地产信贷损失,甚至导致金融市场和宏观经济不稳定的后果,原因是由于房地产抵押贷款中存在的测不准风险或不确定性。本文从信息不充分的视角,提出了房地产抵押贷款中的测不准风险的定义,并分析了测不准风险的特性、形成原因和特殊后果。本文认为,减少或消除不必要的不可预见和不可描述的不确定性可能是管理房地产抵押贷款违约风险,提高贷款配置效率的最好途径,这对于分析房地产市场价格波动与金融市场、宏观经济的互动关系,防止房地产价格波动对金融业和宏观经济的冲击至关重要。     

试论房价波动对商业银行资产的影响

基于次贷危机的启示,本文构建了在不同的金融发展程度下房地产价格波动对商业银行资产影响的理论模型,并在此基础上对中国的现状进行分析,指出当前对中国的影响主要集中于商业银行基于负债业务发放的贷款领域。进一步地,利用向量自回归模型(VAR)及冲击响应函数对中国房地产价格波动对商业银行贷款的影响进行了实证检验。研究表明:金融创新改变了房地产价格波动对商业银行资产的影响模式;中国房价波动对商业银行资产的影响主要集中在源于银行负债发放的贷款领域,但总体影响有限;中国应加快发展银行资产证券化业务,谨慎发展信用衍生产品。     

房地产金融风险影响宏观经济安全的相关研究——兼论我国房地产金融潜在风险及政策建议

房地产金融风险的发生会引发全社会投资与消费的大幅减少,进而影响宏观经济,对经济增长和金融稳定产生负面影响。当前我国房地产金融风险主要为:土地储备贷款存在的隐性风险、房地产开发贷款风险、个人住房消费贷款违约风险以及房地产金融的宏观信用风险。为防范房地产金融风险,维护我国宏观经济安全,本文认为中国要借鉴房地产市场成熟国家经验,建立完善的房地产金融风险预警系统;建立健全房地产金融市场和监管体系,引导金融机构不断提升房地产信贷风险管理能力;完善房地产宏观政策体系,保持房地产市场供需结构平衡,引导房地产市场持续健康稳定发展。     

宏观调控政策对房地产项目现金流及偿债能力的影响

本文基于房地产开发项目月度现金流模型、统计数据和相关假设,构建模型的典型示例,研究现金流的主要影响因素、宏观调控政策对房地产市场以及房地产开发项目现金流的影响,对典型示例进行宏观调控政策影响的组合压力测试.研究表明:房地产开发项目偿债能力受销售情况影响大,受贷款金额和利率的影响小;如果宏观政策引起房地产市场销售显著放缓...     

Adjustable rate mortgages and housing demand: The impact of initial rate discounts

This article investigates the impact of ARM initial rate (teaser) discounts on mortgage choice and housing demand. Because discounted ARM loans may reduce expected user costs, theoretical models predict a positive impact on housing expenditures. To test the hypothesis, a simultaneous model of housing expenditures conditioned upon mortgage instrument choice is estimated using a national sample of transactions for the 1986 to 1988 period. The results indicate that overall housing demand would have been reduced by approximately 13 percent during the period in the absence of ARM loans.     

房地产多元化融资的保障路径之考——从赋予公证抵押合同强制力的角度

在房地产市场多元化融资需求日渐膨胀的大背景下,越来越多的民间资本涌入了房地产领域。然而,因民间融资稳定性较低而引发的市场波动不断发生,急需探索保障民间投资顺利发展的有效途径。借助公证的赋予债权文书强制执行力的功能,将借款合同和抵押合同一并进行公证,以具有强制执行力的抵押合同作为履约保证是降低投资风险的有效尝试之一。但因现行公证法律制度并未明确规定能否对抵押合同赋予强制执行力的问题,导致公证实务和司法实践的做法不尽统一,严重阻碍了民间融资市场的繁盛。本文认为,抵押合同在性质上属于公证债权文书的范围,赋予其强制执行力非但不会与诉权理论发生冲突,还能满足实践中的大量需求,为房地产市场融资起到一定的保障作用。     

房地产价格、抵押制度与货币政策传导——理论基础与国际经验

基于文献研究的视角考察房价对货币政策的传导机制与效率以及住房市场抵押制度在房地产市场传导货币政策中的作用。结果表明,货币政策通过资本使用者成本渠道、信贷渠道等对房地产市场供求和房地产价格产生影响。其中,经济主体的利率敏感度、抵押贷款可得性、抵押利率结构与期限、住房交易成本等制度性因素起到了重要作用;房价波动对消费的作用方向取决于居住模式结构、各类型经济主体的比例与边际消费倾向等因素,作用效果则受一国抵押市场发达程度、抵押市场制度性因素的影响;房价对于投资的影响效应受房地产部门作为一个整体在国民经济中的重要性、房地产供给弹性以及一国的信用市场状况等重要因素的影响。     

Risk management of real estate: The case of real estate swaps

Real estate swaps are a recent financial innovation based upon the principle of comparative advantage. A real estate swap is a useful tool for real estate risk management and for participating in real estate investment without the high costs associated with real estate. Potential economic benefits and costs associated with real estate swaps are considered and real estate swaps are compared to alternative tools for real estate risk management. The expected utility and effectiveness of risk management with a swap in a multiperiod framework are analyzed. The analysis finds that the subject property's return and its risk characteristics (as reflected in its correlation with interest rate and property index returns) delimit the risk management potential of a given swap position. Optimal swap positions are shown for various regions and property types based on historical return series, from the period between 1983 and 1992, and the parameters of the dynamic model developed.     

Valuation in US Commercial Real Estate

We consider a log‐linearized version of a discounted rents model to price commercial real estate as an alternative to traditional hedonic models. First, we verify a key implication of the model, namely, that cap rates forecast commercial real estate returns. We do this using two different methodologies: time series regressions of 21 US metropolitan areas and mixed data sampling (MIDAS) regressions with aggregate REIT returns. Both approaches confirm that the cap rate is related to fluctuations in future returns. We also investigate the provenance of the predictability. Based on the model, we decompose fluctuations in the cap rate into three parts: (i) local state variables (demographic and local economic variables); (ii) growth in rents; and (iii) an orthogonal part. About 30% of the fluctuation in the cap rate is explained by the local state variables and the growth in rents. We use the cap rate decomposition into our predictive regression and find a positive relation between fluctuations in economic conditions and future returns. However, a larger and significant part of the cap rate predictability is due to the orthogonal part, which is unrelated to fundamentals. This implies that economic conditions, which are also used in hedonic pricing of real estate, cannot fully account for future movements in returns. We conclude that commercial real estate prices are better modelled as financial assets and that the discounted rent model might be more suitable than traditional hedonic models, at least at an aggregate level.     

Rational Delays: The Case of Real Estate

Real estate markets, for both commercial real estate and single family homes, typically respond to a large negative demand shock with a period during which the volume of transactions and liquidity of real estate declines. Explanations for these periods have focused on overly optimistic owners, imperfections in real estate markets and/or minimum down payment requirements. These are important characteristics of real estate markets, but they do not provide a satisfying explanation for the long-term declines in the number of transactions and liquidity of real estate that frequently follow negative demand shocks. This paper presents estimates, for a specific real estate market (Los Angeles single family dwellings), of the option-like value of an owners interest in a property. Our estimates imply that when an owner has little or negative equity, the value of waiting to sell is likely to exceed the net carrying cost. Consequently, the option value of a potential sellers interest may eliminate the possibility of an otherwise mutually advantageous transaction.     

Corporate real estate's impact on the takeover market

This article explores the issues and problems associated with corporate real estate ownership as viewed through the takeover market. The perception held by managers is that corporate real estate assets are unique, specialized assets. This perception conflicts with financial theory which states that the market values all corporate assets based only on their expected future cash flows. Thus corporate real estate assets are priced according to their cash flows and are like other corporate assets. This study tests the hypothesis that corporate real estate is a specialized asset by examining the impact real estate assets have on the takeover market. The study uses a logit regression model in order to attempt to predict which firms become takeover targets. If corporate real estate in general is a specialized asset, then real estate is expected to be an important variable in predicting takeover targets. Although the logit model has little predictive accuracy, results from the prediction model suggest that corporate real estate plays a significant part in determining the likelihood of a firm's becoming a takeover target. The greater the real estate holdings, the greater the likelihood of a firm's becoming a takeover target.     

非线性视角下的中国房地产财富效应的测度研究——基于1996～2008年省际面板数据的分析

基于Hansen面板门槛模型,利用中国1996～2008年间30个省（市、区）的相关数据,进行了房地产财富效应的非线性检验。研究发现,从房价增长率和收入增长率来看,房价上涨对消费的影响存在着显著的单门槛效应,呈现非线性的区制变化,尽管总体上房价上涨不利于促进消费,但是在不同类型的区制,对消费的抑制程度存在着明显的差异。建议针对中国不同类型的区域,平抑房价的方式应有所区别,以减少可能出现的市场风险。     

Inferring Price Information from Mortgage Payment Behavior: a Latent Index Approach

Existing price indices are based on real estate sales. This approach encounters problems when (1) sales are infrequent or (2) when these differ systematically from the overall market (selection bias). Relative to the number of properties sold on the market, a much greater number of properties have borrowers who need to make monthly mortgage payment decisions. Therefore, each month borrowers cast a vote of confidence or no confidence in their price relative to the loan balance. Based on this behavior, we invert the relation between mortgage performance and prices to derive a latent price index. Using a large sample of individual mortgages across the 10 cities investigated, the latent index in each city has a high correlation with the respective Case-Shiller index. In addition, the latent index is partially explained by the housing expectations (derived from futures on the respective Case-Shiller index) which indicates that it is not a purely reactive measure. Overall the results show that the latent index has potential to boost information resources for tracking the important real estate sector.     

The integration of the real estate market and the stock market: Some preliminary evidence

The current study investigates whether the commercial real estate market is segmented from the stock market using the framework of Jorion and Schwartz (1986). Evidence is found to support the hypothesis that segmentation does exist as the result of indirect barriers such as the cost, amount, and quality of information for real estate rather than legal constraints. However, this evidence is contingent on whether real estate returns are computed with appraised values or imputed sale prices and on which market proxy is chosen.