An experimental examination of mood effects on retrieval and evaluation of advertisement and brand information

To ascertain the effect of mood on information retrieval and evaluation of advertisements and brands, subjects were induced into one of three moods (positive, neutral, or negative) via a modified Velten procedure 72 hours after they were exposed to five fictitious advertisements. While delayed positive and negative mood states had opposite effects on memory-based recall of information, with subjects in the positive mood condition recalling significantly more information than those in the negative one, they had no significant effect on ad or brand evaluation. Recall data are consistent with previous reports in the literature and evaluation data can be explained according to the information processing goals of subjects as described by Keller (1991) or Srull (1990). Thus, it appears that inducing people into positive moods as much as 72 hours after they have seen an ad for a product can have a significant impact on their memory for ad copy. She received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from Bowling Green State University and completed post-doctoral study in marketing at the University of Georgia. Dr. Knowles has published in journals which include theJournal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Journal of Marketing Education, Journal of Education for Business, Journal of Teaching in International Business, Psychological Reports, andJournal of International Consumer Marketing. Her research interests include psychological and physiological bases of consumer information processing and the underlying components of selling effectiveness of salespersons. He received his B.A. and M.A. from Texas Christian University and his Ph.D. from Oklahoma State University. Dr. Grove is active in many research streams including services marketing, salesperson effectiveness, and environmental issues. Among his publications are articles in theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Journal of Health Care Marketing, Journal of Marketing Education, and others. He received his Ph.D. in Psychology from Arizona State University. Dr. Burroughs’ research interests include rule-governed approaches to consumption, consumption symbolism, and social cognition in applied settings. He has published in theJournal of Consumer Research as well as in a number of psychology journals and has co-edited a book entitledApplied Psychology.     

Claim recall and irritation in television commercials: An advertising effectiveness study

The purpose of this research was to measure the relationship between advertising effectiveness and the levels of irritation possessed by the advertisements. A set of television commercials was first assigned to an empirically-derived irritation continuum. Subjects were exposed to the commercials and claim-recall measures were taken immediately after exposure and 48 hours later. Results indicate that both highly irritating and relatively pleasant advertising messages generated higher claim recall than did advertising which was neutral in this dimension. Acknowledgements: The author would like to thank Professor Edwin C. Hackleman for his guidance and assistance in the preparation of this paper.     

城市环境理论观点评价与现状剖析

本文综述了环境理论现点,评价了城市环境历史状况,探索了城市环境面临的问题,并提出要解决人与环境的矛盾必须依靠人民意愿的代表者——“人民政府”。     

The effects of downsizing on organizational buying behavior: An empirical investigation

To survive in today’s highly competitive markets, many firms are initiating fundamental changes in organizational form and practice. These restructuring efforts are having significant effects on the organization and management of work within customer firms. However, these important changes have been largely ignored in the extant marketing literature. The research presented in this article first describes a general theory of the effects of organizational downsizing. Then, it examines the potential effects of downsizing on buying center structure and purchase participant characteristics. Findings support several of the hypotheses related to the proposed effects of organizational downsizing on the outcome variables of interest. Jeffrey E. Lewin (Ph.D., Georgia State University) is an assistant professor and Chair, Department of Marketing at Western Carolina University. His research interests include business-to-business marketing, relationship marketing, personal selling and sales management, and organizational buying behavior. His work has been published in theJournal of Business Research, theJournal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Advances in Business Marketing and Purchasing, and other publications. He serves on the editorial review boards of theJournal of Business Research and theJournal of Business & Industrial Marketing and is a reviewer for theJournal of Business-to-Business Marketing, theJournal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, andIndustrial Marketing Management.     

外商直接投资、人力资本与中国经济增长——基于协整理论的实证分析

采用单整、协整等计量方法对1978年～2004年中国的外商直接投资、人力资本、经济增长的年度数据进行实证分析和检验,得出结论:FDI、人力资本和经济增长之间存在协整关系;FDI、人力资本和国内资本对经济增长均有显著的拉动作用,且FDI的冲击对经济增长的影响很大,人力资本对经济增长具有正向作用当前应正确认识FDI的影响,大力发展教育,提高我国人力资本水平,加大国内资本投资,促进经济发展     

An evaluation of journals used in doctoral marketing programs

Studies that rank the relative quality of scholarly marketing journals have relied primarily on expert opinion surveys and citation analyses. The authors use a new approach that combines elements of these two alternatives and compile a database of 6,294 citations (representing 3,423 different articles) from 109 syllabi obtained from a broad sampling of AACSB-International-accredited schools with marketing doctoral programs. The five most citedjournals (Journal of Marketing, Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing Research, Marketing Science, andJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science) account for 66.5 percent of citations in the syllabi. Rankings of journals other than the top five vary markedly from previous journal quality studies. Few articles are cited in common across programs, and the authors find considerable variation even within individual seminar types. The findings provide a new basis for assessing the quality of journals and provide new insights about the content of doctoral programs. Ronald J. Bauerly (RJ-Bauerly@wiu.edu; DBA, Southern Illinois University) is a professor at Western Illinois University. His research focuses on marketing education and online auctions. His work has appeared inManagerial Finance, College & Research Libraries, and theJournal of Marketing for Higher Education. Don T. Johnson (DT-Johnson@wiu.edu; Ph.D., University of Georgia) is a professor at Western Illinois University. His research interests are varied but are largely concentrated in the area of real estate. His work has appeared in theJournal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, Financial Services Review, and theJournal of Investing.     

The government and the market place: An evaluation of the FTC

“The Government and the Market Place: An Evaluation of the FTC” is a critical political and historical analysis of the Federal Trade Commission. It explores the initial reasons for the regulatory agency and then provides an, in-depth study of its legislative history and the subsequent powers Congress provided for the FTC’s operation. Although the Federal Trade Commission occasionally receives favorable headlines, the authors contend that the agency is politically motivated and business oriented. The reasons for the failure of the FTC are assessed and a constructive solution is offered. Reports by the second Hoover Commission, James Landis, the American Bar Association and Roy Ash-as well as others-are cited to support the authors’ thesis that the FTC should be abolished and reorganized along the lines suggested by the President’s Commission on Executive Reorganization. The article is well researched employing government documents and the most recent articles and books on the FTC.     

电子支付系统中的网络效应研究

在经济学的理论框架下，本文对“网络外部性”与“网络效应”进行了明确界定，并以电子支付系统为例，通过建立完全信息下的静态博弈模型，分析了网络效应对电子支付系统市场的影响。     

区域产业政策有效性评估——基于中国资源型和老工业城市的证据

区域产业政策是实现城市转型升级的重要举措.基于2003-2018年中国资源型和老工业城市数据,使用双重差分模型评估了国家产业转型升级示范区试点政策(以下简称"示范区试点政策")的实施效果.研究发现,示范区试点政策显著推动了资源型和老工业城市转型升级,促进了当地产业结构高度化和合理化.这一结果在经过共同趋势、安慰剂、倾向得分匹配、敏感性和混合政策冲击等检验后,依然稳健.异质性分析发现,集群式和老工业基地内的示范区,城市转型升级效果较为显著,而单一式和资源型城市内的示范区,转型升级效果欠佳.机制检验表明,示范区试点政策通过提升城市创新能力、投资能力和资金支持效应,推动了城市产业转型升级.基于上市公司数据,从创新投入、投资机会和市场竞争角度进一步提供了微观证据.因此,应继续扩大示范区试点政策,并加强城市产业集群建设,以利于资源型和老工业城市实现转型升级.     

An attitudinal evaluation of hospitals: A determinant attribute and market segmentation study

There has been increasing interest in the application of marketing knowledge to non-traditional fields of endeavour. This paper outlines how the determinant attribute approach to attitude measurement can be used as the basis for segmenting a hospital's market of potential patients. Based on a telephone survey of a stratified random sample of potential patients several distinct market segments were found. The conclusion was drawn that if maximum patient satisfaction was desired it would be necessary to have various types of hospitals in any given geographical area.     

Bundle evaluation in different market segments: The effects of discount framing and buyers’ preference heterogeneity

Heterogeneity of buyers’ preferences has played a significant role in the earlier economic analyses of bundling and continues to be important in the recent investigations initiated by marketing and consumer researchers. Guided by a decision-framing conceptualization, this study suggests that in a market characterized by heterogeneous preferences for items included in a bundle offer, buyers’ bundle evaluations may vary significantly depending on which item is featured as the price leader (i.e., the discounted item). When two unequally preferred items were evaluated for purchase as a set, bundle evaluation was more enhanced when the price leader was also the more preferred item. Thus, under such preference conditions, bundle evaluation may be quite sensitive to the choice of the price leader. Besides highlighting the importance of incorporating psychological considerations in bundling research, the results of this study also raise questions about the validity of a key assumption made in the extant analyses of bundling strategies. Specifically, perceived savings on one item may not always transfer readily to other items included in a bundle offer. He received his Ph.D. in marketing from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. His research interests include price perception, pricing strategy, price bundling, and decision making. His research has been published in theJournal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing Research, andReview of Marketing. He is a member of the editorial advisory board ofPricing Strategy & Practice.     

An evaluation of progress in the development of a definition of marketing

This study evaluates progress in developing a definition of marketing. A survey of marketing educators, managers, scholar-experts and students was conducted to determine elements important in a definition of marketing, a ranking of popular definitions of marketing and an evaluation of the definitions based on relevant criteria. All categories of respondents ranked the 1985 AMA definition of marketing as the definition that best represents the discipline of marketing.     

FDI对东道国外溢效应及影响因素研究综述

新经济增长理论揭示:一个国家经济要快速、稳定和可持续增长,资本、劳动力和知识是不可缺少的要素,其中知识尤为重要。FDI的载体——跨国公司拥有世界绝大多数先进知识和技术,它们在实现自身利润最大化的同时,对东道国经济发展也能起到一定的催化作用,因此FDI对东道国外溢效应的研究成为国际经济文献的重要课题,其中大部分文献集中在三个方面:直接外溢效应、竞争效应和技术外溢效应。有关FDI外溢效应的理论分析基本得出FDI能产生正外溢作用的结论,然而大量实证研究却显示出不同的结果。近年来,越来越多的文献在研究FDI对东道国外溢效应时,偏重于进行外溢效应的具体来源及影响因素分析,以试图解释大量实证研究结果的差异性和不确定性,并为东道国更好地发挥FDI外溢作用提供借鉴意义。     

度假游客消费体验对其重购意愿影响实证研究

随着度假市场的竞争日益加剧,如何最大限度地吸引"回头客"受到了管理实践者的极大重视.我们以杭州千岛湖开元度假村为例,从实证角度分析度假游客利益诉求的分布特征、感知价值的关注点,并考察它们对消费满意度和重购意愿的影响.研究发现:感知价值对满意度与重购意愿具有显著的正向作用;满意度对重购意愿具有显著的正向作用;满意度对重购意愿的影响大于感知价值对重购意愿的影响;利益诉求对满意度和重购意愿虽然具有正向影响,但并不显著.     

An attitudinal model of technology-based self-service: Moderating effects of consumer traits and situational factors

The accelerating growth in technology-based self-service today is giving rise to questions about the acceptance of such forms of service delivery by all kinds of consumers and under different situational contexts. This study investigates the moderating effects of consumer traits and situational factors on the relationships within a core attitudinal model for technology-based self-service. An experimental design is used with perceived waiting time and social anxiety (through perceived crowding) as the situational treatments. Relevant consumer traits for technology-based self-service are examined and include inherent novelty seeking, self-efficacy with respect to technology self-consciousness, and the need for interaction with an employee. The results lend support to the hypothesized moderating effects. Implications for service practitioners as well as directions for future research are discussed. Pratibha A. Dabholkar (Ph.D., Georgia State University) is an associate professor of marketing at the University of Tennessee. Her research interests include technology in service delivery; attitude, choice, and means-end models; service quality and customer satisfaction; and business-to-business relationships. Her work has been published in theJournal of Consumer Research; Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science; Journal of Retailing; International Journal of Research in Marketing; International Journal of Service Industry Management; Psychology and Marketing; Journal of Business Research; Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Complaining Behavior, andJournal of Business and Industrial Marketing. Richard P. Bagozzi (Ph.D., Northwestern University) is the J. Hugh Liedtke Professor of Management and professor of psychology at Rice University. Prior to this, he was at the University of California at Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and University of Michigan. His current research interests include the theory of action, emotion, self-regulation, means-end models, and technology adoption. His work has been published in theJournal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, International Journal of Research in Marketing, Psychology and Marketing, Marketing Science, andJournal of Consumer Psychology.     

An exploration of rule configuration effects on the ethical decision processes of advertising professionals

This study explores the ethical perceptions of advertising professionals regarding two child-oriented television advertising issues: deceptive messages and host selling. Differences in ethical evaluative and decision processes are investigated for both issues, using two evaluative rules. The results indicate that variations in advertisers’ ethical judgments and ethical intentions are affected by the type of rule(s) used during the evaluative process, and by the degree to which the rules are embraced. The article concludes with recommendations for advertising management and implications for future research. She graduated with honors in 1989 from Mississippi State University with a D.B.A. in marketing. She has practical experience in marketing research and her research interests are ethics and social responsibility, and professional services marketing. He received his Ph.D. in marketing from Michigan State University in 1980. He is the coauthor of two books on business ethics and has contributed numerous articles on ethics to various academic and applied business journals. He received his D.B.A. in marketing from Louisiana State University in 1969. He has coauthored two books on business ethics and has published articles on ethics in marketing journals. He is a frequent lecturer on business ethics. She graduated in 1990 from Mississippi State University with a D.B.A. in management. Her research interests are business ethics and student ethics, and corporate social responsibility.     

后WTO时期外资银行对中资银行的影响及对策

后WTO时期,我国金融业开放程度不断加深,外资银行正以前所未有的深度融入我国金融体系.外资银行的进入,将从总体上提升我国银行系统效率,同时,也不可避免地在客户资源、银行业务、服务手段、人力资源等方面对中资银行带来相应的冲击.我国应当完善金融体系,提高整体实力,培育新生力量,加强合作,以增强中资银行抗击外资银行的实力,引导中资银行健康发展.     

The effects of the service environment on affect and consumer perception of waiting time: An integrative review and research propositions

The management of buyers’ perceptions of waiting time by service businesses may be critical to customer satisfaction. Although reducing actual waiting time is important, what managers view as a short time to wait may feel too long to customers. Relevant literature from architecture, environmental psychology, psychology, physiology, operations management, sociology, and marketing is integrated to build a conceptual model of how the service environment may influence affect and, in turn, waiting time perception. Based on this model, propositions about how specific service environment elements (e.g., lighting, color, temperature) may influence affect and time perception are presented. Finally, a research agenda and implications for service facility design are proposed. She received her Ph.D. from Texas A&M University. Her areas of interest include the retail/service environment, internal marketing, and service quality. She has published articles in theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Retailing, andInternational Journal of Research in Marketing, among others. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Arlington. She formerly was in sales and marketing planning at IBM, where she was involved in bringing numerous products to market.     

基于债权人利益要求及其实现方式的非财务指标关注程度实证研究

债权人对不同类的反映其利益要求和实现方式信息的非财务指标的关注程度存在显著的差异;越是反映债权人排列在前的利益要求信息的非财务指标越受债权人关注。债权人所关注的反映其利益要求和实现方式信息的非财务指标的关注程度排列顺序同其所看重的相应利益要求和实现方式排列的先后顺序相同;个体因素和企业因素产生了债权人同一类反映其利益要求和实现方式信息的非财务指标关注程度差异。不同性质、是否上市、不同规模、不同发展阶段、不同类型企业的债权人对反映其利益要求和实现方式信息的同一类的非财务指标的关注程度可能存在显著差异。企业对债权人相关信息的充分沟通更易取得债权人对企业的理解和合作。企业除应按相关法律法规的规定进行规定信息的披露外,还应当根据本企业债权人特点和本企业债权人对非财务指标关注的需要以及关注程度的差异对债权人所关注的非财务指标信息对债权人进行充分信息沟通,以满足本企业债权人关注相关信息的需要。     

防止期货市场操纵:监管措施及其效率评价

三类不同防止市场操纵的监管措施的效率比较,表明事后防止措施是其中最有效率的方法,而合约设计尤其是交割条款的设计是它的一种非常有效的补充方法。但是结合中国实际,我们发现这两类有效率的措施或者使用不多,或者受到各类因素影响,没有发挥出应有的作用。为此我们对改善我国期货市场防止操纵的做法提出了一些建议。