基于建构主义原真性和游客体验的新型民族文化空间重构

<正>原真性概念存在局限。即使关于MacCannell的“舞台真实”与Boorstin的“虚假事件”争论已长达近半个世纪，依然无法确定到底什么才是旅游客体的真实。建构主义原真性兼顾对客体和主体的讨论，在强调客体原真性的同时，也注重主体的感知和体验⁽(2))。建构主义者认为不存在客观的真实，旅游者只是在追寻与“刻板”印象或与旅游想象相契合的象征真实性⁽(3))。旅游客体的真实与否由政府、开发商、当地居民和旅游者等不同立场的主体共同塑造。     

社区居民旅游影响感知和态度的动态变化

发展旅游业是改善社区经济和居民生活质量的重要途径.当地居民参与旅游开发过程,是实现社区经济、文化、环境可持续发展的基础.文章在长期跟踪研究一个乡村旅游社区——山东省荣成市河口村(“胶东渔村”)的基础上,评估了旅游发展过程中社区居民旅游感知和态度的动态变化趋势.纵向研究结果表明:随着时间的推移,社区居民对旅游发展积极影响的感知一直保持着较高的认同,而对旅游发展消极影响的感知水平明显上升;同时,尽管大多数居民在态度上依然支持旅游业的发展,但是利益分配的冲突、产品老化带来的盈利能力的降低、当地经济发展带来的新的谋利机会、市场竞争的加剧等原因影响了当前居民参与旅游业的热情,导致社区居民“意愿-行为”之间出现较大的差距,需要引起当地管理者的高度关注,并适时调整发展策略.     

四川民俗旅游文化的数字优化传播路径研究

文章以四川民俗旅游文化为研究对象,探索其新形势下数字优化传播有效路径。首先,通过归纳四川民俗旅游文化资源的物质载体与文化载体,对四川民俗旅游文化进行深入研究;其次,分析整理四川民俗旅游文化的相关资料并形成数字材料应用于四川民俗旅游文化的数字优化传播路径研究中,并综合考虑其可实现性和四川民俗旅游文化数字线下传播的技术、方式、平台、服务等,提出四川民俗旅游文化在线下传统领域的数字优化传播方法;再次,结合云计算、大数据、“互联网+”应用和四川民俗旅游文化数字线上传播的技术、方式、平台、服务等,研究四川民俗旅游文化在线上“互联网+”领域的数字优化传播方法;最后,整合四川民俗旅游文化的数字优化传播路径。     

民族餐馆里的主客互动过程研究——以丽江白沙村为例

民族旅游中的主客互动是旅游人类学和旅游社会学重点关注的问题之一,且产生了大量的研究成果.但目前的研究多聚焦在主客互动的性质与结果上,而对主客互动的微观过程关注很少.文章以民族旅游地区云南丽江白沙村的当地民族餐馆作为研究的微观场所,借用微观社会学的主要理论流派符号互动论关于社会角色与地位等重要范畴的理论,对当地居民与游客之间的角色协商以及地位与权力关系进行了研究.研究发现,由于主客互动发生在由当地少数民族居民所熟悉和掌控的特定空间中,当地居民因扮演着“主人”和特定文化“圈内人”的角色而控制着主客互动的过程,从而使得他们拥有主导性权力.据此,文章就中国民族旅游的宏观结果即民族旅游的社会文化影响与中外学者展开了对话与讨论.     

东道主凝视下的中西方背包旅游者比较研究

该研究从东道主凝视的视角着重探讨了旅游目的地居民对中西方背包游客的不同认知,强调东道主在主客交往时及其对游客的认知有其自身观点,且该立场深受中西方文化间不平等权力关系的影响.研究以丽江为案例点,发现丽江当地居民认为背包旅游者群体主要来自欧美国家,具有强烈的西方文化烙印.国内背包游客群体大多不被认同,更多情况下只被认为是在追随西方背包旅游者.在旅游行为上,西方背包游客相对强烈的探险意识以及对当地传统文化原真体验的追求令目的地居民肃然起敬,从而被认为是真正的背包旅游者.而国内背包游客在这两点上的表现常被当地居民诟病,从而强化了这些游客只是作为“跟风者”的印象.相比于国内背包旅游者,西方背包游客同样被认为由于受过西方文化良好的教育而有很强的环保意识,十分尊重当地的自然环境.文章认为,丽江当地居民对中西方背包游客的感知一定程度上是对这两个游客群体发展状态和旅游行为现实的映射,但更受到中西方文化间不平等权力关系的深刻影响.然而对于中西文化间的不平等权力关系,丽江当地居民并非照单全收.当他们捕捉到体现西方背包游客对当地“居高临下”态度的视觉符号时(如拍摄脏乱的垃圾桶,闯入当地居民家里等),一种反感情绪会被激发.而这样的情绪却正好体现了当前我国中西方文化碰撞过程中的不平等权利关系.     

基于舞台真实理论浅谈甘肃省肃南县特色文旅发展应对策略

随着我国经济的飞速发展,旅游成为人们丰富精神生活的必需品。对于民族地区而言,旅游作为文化传播的媒介,在带动经济发展的同时,也存在过度消费传统民俗文化而使原住居民正常生活受到干扰等问题,这给民族地区旅游业的良性发展造成了一定的负面影响,民俗旅游的发展不可避免地出现了文化变迁现象。因此,文章基于舞台真实理论,以甘肃省肃南裕固族自治县为对象,探讨肃南裕固族自治县民俗旅游发展舞台化构建,从而以传统民俗文化促进旅游业发展。     

“发髻”与地方形象:民族旅游地的文化符号建构分析——以广西黄洛瑶寨和贵州岜沙苗寨为例

很多地方之所以成为旅游目的地,是与游客对其“真实”与“想象”的体验交织在一起的.在民族文化传承、演变、重构过程中,“发髻”的文化内涵在于它对民族历史记忆和对族群凝聚的形塑.广西黄洛瑶寨在“文化碎片化”过程中以“天下第一长发村”构建了最令游客直观感觉的“柔”“情”“爱”“婚恋”的地方形象;贵州岜沙苗寨以独特“户棍”发髻、舞台化的成年仪式以及衍生出来的精神深层次的“树”崇拜和生死轮回的观念,建构了与现代文明格格不入的“原始而又神秘”的地方形象.黄洛瑶寨和岜沙苗寨利用“发髻”这一容易被认知、接受和解读的文化符号来标识其旅游地形象,建构了游客最直观想象的地方形象,也重构了当地民族文化体系.     

乡村旅游社区居民社会排斥的多维度感知——江西婺源李坑村案例的质化研究

文章以江西省婺源县李坑村为例,在质化研究的基础上对旅游开发背景下当地居民社会排斥的主观感知状况进行了考察,发现旅游开发给当地社区带来了多方面的变化,这些变化导致社区居民的挫折感、自卑感增加,他们往往从经济排斥、政治排斥、文化排斥和关系排斥等多个维度来感知自身“被排斥”的状况。旅游开发过程中的相关制度设置为社会排斥提供了可能空间,不同利益相关群体在社区中的交互作用成为社会排斥的推动力量,社区居民个体自身能力与认知状况也构成社会排斥的重要原因。从经济、政治、文化及人际关系等多个维度入手消除由旅游开发问题所导致的社会排斥应是乡村旅游可持续发展的重要目标之一。     

民俗旅游学论纲

民俗旅游是以民俗事象为主要观赏内容的文化旅游活动,它是一种高层次的文化旅游。我国的民俗旅游发展于２０世纪８０年代。进入９０年代后,各地纷纷推出了很多新的民俗旅游项目。１９９５年的“中国民俗旅游年”第一次在全国范围内开展了大规模的民俗旅游活动,民俗旅游...     

吉林省民俗旅游发展策略研究

民俗旅游是一种高层次的文化旅游形式，现已成为旅游业的重要组成部分。吉林省具有丰富且特色鲜明的满族、朝鲜族、蒙古族及关东民俗旅游资源。近年来，吉林省以发展民俗旅游、乡村民俗旅游等为突破口，开发了大量的民俗旅游资源，民俗旅游发展势头良好。但就实际情况来看，吉林省民俗旅游发展还存在很多问题，如品牌项目少、产品内涵不足、民俗旅游业态融合有待加强、缺乏统筹规划等。文章以吉林省民俗旅游为研究对象，通过梳理吉林省民俗旅游发展现状，分析吉林省民俗旅游发展过程中存在的问题，进而提出有针对性的解决方案，将资源优势转化为发展优势，助力吉林省民俗旅游高质量发展。     

Knowledge transfer processes in the authenticity of the intangible cultural heritage in tourism destination competitiveness

ABSTRACT

As tourism based on intangible cultural heritage usually encompasses a knowledge transfer process, the authenticity of the heritage (or its perception) can be affected by knowledge transfer. These knowledge transfers occur to present the heritage to the tourists (courses, tour guiding, etc.), but also in the destination itself when the heritage knowledge is codified in museums, tour guides are trained, or the heritage is transferred to newer generations. These situations present potential challenges where authenticity is distorted or even lost, and it affects the competitiveness of the destination. The work attempts to analyse those knowledge transfers and their challenges regarding authenticity to sustain the competitiveness of the destination.     

An exploration of foreign tourists’ perceptions of Korean food tour: a factor-cluster segmentation approach

Food tour in Korea has emerged as a popular program for foreign tourists who learn and experience Korean culture through cuisine, restaurants, and dining customs. The main objective of this empirical research is to investigate foreign tourists’ perceptions of Koran food tour and segment the emerging Korean food tour market. A total of 211 usable responses from foreign tourists who experienced Korean food tour were collected through the purposive sampling approach. The results of an exploratory factor analysis showed 7 food service factors delineated from 30 food tour service attributes and 4 segments of Korean food tour market (authenticity seekers, knowledge seekers, guidance seekers, and utmost experience seekers) were identified through the cluster-discriminant analysis. Detailed implications for the operators and marketers of Korean food tour programs are discussed.     

Development of virtual cyber‐tour in the virtual reality system

This study is to explain the importance and the necessity of virtual cyber‐tour in a virtual reality environment, and to present a way of its realization as a means to surmount the fundamental constraints in current tourism, arising mainly from the individual health, cost, leisure time, and the low perception on tourism culture. This virtual cyber‐tour using virtual reality technology will not only provide various indirect tour experiences to the existing tour resources, but also develop a new type of tour system, leading to new worlds which have not been accessible to the public because of various restrictions coming from the current technology, transportation means, and physical limits of human body. Thus, the cyber‐tour will be a new tour resource of totally different concept and also, its industrialization will result in the developments of new industries for virtual reality system, video production, and display media, creating lots of jobs and added value.     

关于乡村旅游、农业旅游与民俗旅游的几点辨析

目前,乡村旅游、农业旅游与民俗旅游越来越受到我国旅游业界和学界的关注,但是,包括研究论文、会议发言和旅游规划中的片面理解不仅相当普遍,而且也正在传播.本文作者认为,如果业界、学界能够更广泛的注目业态实践,并在此前人们已有研究的基础上进行更深入的研究,则将有可能对乡村旅游、农业旅游与民俗旅游的理论和实践产生更加积极的作用.本文的几点内容,就是作者试图根据自己近20年的接触对乡村旅游、农业旅游、民俗旅游所做的一点个人的诠释和辨析.     

Wilderness state of mind: Expanding authenticity

This paper challenges the overuse of existential authenticity as a categorical umbrella encapsulating touristic experience and contributes new insights to the way postmodern authenticity is defined in tourism research. To date, studies associated with postmodern authenticity have focused on the inauthentic and themed, with scholars contending that it speaks more to the consumptive, the superficial, and the trivial than to the substantive and meaningful. By working through a case study focused on nature tourists in pursuit of authentic wilderness experiences, this paper illustrates the ways postmodern authenticity encompasses much more than cynical authenticity, for while the American wilderness may be a hyperreal, and even hypernatural, simulacrum, nature tourists nevertheless report deep, meaningful, and “authentic” engagements with wilderness.     

Negotiating authenticity: Three modernities

Post-postmodern authenticity is introduced and used in this conceptual article to characterise a new and emergent approach to negotiating reality and fantasy by tourists through tourism. Alongside modern and postmodern approaches, post-postmodern authenticity contextualises recent developments within authenticity discourse. Modernism involves constructive, objective and verisimilitude stances for negotiating authenticity and inauthenticity, including by tourists through tourism. Postmodernism takes more deconstructive, subjective and hyperreal stances. Post-postmodernism meanwhile, implies reconstructive, performative, and as this article is the first to conceptualise, alterreal stances. The three orientations towards authenticity interact and react off of each other. Unable to address the paradoxes of negotiating reality alone, together, they provide a contextual, extended and holistic conceptualisation of complex authenticity.     

关于北京郊县(区)发展民俗旅游的考察报告

京郊民俗旅游依托北京独特的旅游资源和民俗文化办得有声有色,引起了各地领导和旅游业内人士的重视,在考察和深入研究的基础上,作者结合当地实际提出了具有明确针对性的意见和建议。     

Non-Asian Tourists' preferred attributes: a choice experiment

This study aims to identify non-Asian tourists' preferred attributes for a one-day Seoul tour package by examining theoretical frameworks of values related to tourists' heterogeneity of choice behaviors. The study applies a choice experiment (CE) to capture the systematic heterogeneity of preferences in a non-Asian tourist group and examines whether different individuals' value orientations relate to heterogeneous preferences regarding the tour packages. The CE derives the preferences as a form of marginal willingness to pay (MWTP), a pecuniary value for additional units of the attributes. Historical/cultural destinations displayed the highest MWTP value of all tour sites in Seoul, which was estimated to be $74.32. The results also show that a respondent who emphasizes “money and enjoyment” and “authenticity” values is more likely to choose a tour package that includes more opportunities to visit shopping and historical/cultural sites, respectively.     

回望“真实性”(authenticity)(上)——一个旅游研究的热点

麦坎内尔(MacCannell)掀起的"真实性"研究热已逾30年,其间,研究视角逐渐从"客观"转向"主观"。这既反映出真实性内涵的延展与变迁,亦凸显旅游主体—游客体验的重要性。然而,就研究者日渐褊狭的视域来看,旅游客体真实性对旅游体验真实性的影响从松散到几近断裂,旅游主体甚至以"悦纳万物"的信仰姿态视一切"存在"为真,从而收获真实的体验。客观真实与主观真实,究竟是谁决定或影响了谁?对此问题的探寻导致学界对旅游客体之"虚假"的重新界定和对旅游体验之"真实"的再度好奇,并因此形成旅游真实性研究的纷争局面。有鉴于此,对国内外真实性研究做一番缘起、视角、界定等方面的梳理和反思,或将对国内相关研究与应用有所裨益。     

Craving alterreal authenticity through the post-postmodern lens: An experimental inquiry

This research takes a post-postmodern stance to investigate tourists' predisposition toward alterreal authenticity (i.e., altered reality). It draws on Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion to highlight a model that examines the effects of authenticity and cultural difference, and their interactions on cultural-heritage consumption, through a field experiment. Results point to a two-step mechanism in authenticity negotiation in which psychological arousal is diffused through exposure to authenticity stimuli followed by cognition of the arousal situation conditioned upon tourist cultural background. This research not only heeds the call from the literature to enrich the methodological silos in authenticity discourse through causal inferences; it also provides early empirics to the post-postmodern view of authenticity, which conjectures means for tourists to imaginatively authenticate their experiences.