长期贸易关系下劳动力成本对出口价格的影响——兼论专用性资产的调节效应

面对劳动力成本冲击,出口价格调整的幅度反映了长期贸易关系中双方对风险的承担、分担与转化程度.专用性资产既是连接贸易双方利益的纽带,又是平衡风险的杠杆.利用重复博弈的价格调整模型,采用2000-2015年上市公司出口微观层面数据,分析劳动力成本变动对剔除质量因素的出口价格的影响,并对出口企业投入的专用性资产的调节效应进行探究.研究发现:长期贸易关系中,劳动力成本变动导致出口产品价格同方向调整,但调整的幅度小于成本的变动,这表明劳动力成本上涨的压力是由双方共同承担的.专用性资产对出口价格变动幅度有正向调节效应.通过分样本研究发现,如果出口产品的契约依赖度相对较高、目的 国法治体系相对健全和采用加工贸易方式出口,当劳动力成本发生变动时,出口价格调整幅度更大,专用性资产的调节效应更显著.因此,发展长期稳定的贸易关系,科学运用并发挥专用性资产的优势,是企业转化成本压力的重要途径.     

经济增长影响实际汇率的传导机制

如果经济增长与生产率提高有关,则相对价格变化方向取决于是哪个部门相对生产率提高了。多数情况下都是贸易部门生产率发生了大的提高,此时,如果是充分就业且劳动力国内跨部门自由流动时,贸易部门工资自然提高,而非贸易部门工资也被动提高,     

猪肉价格波动的供需影响分析

自2007年农业部实施养猪补贴以来,中国的猪肉价格经历了剧烈波动。从需求和供给两方面深入分析猪肉价格波动的原因。养猪补贴政策通过影响猪肉供需两方面影响猪肉价格波动;人口、收入水平和季节性影响猪肉需求;养殖成本和生猪疫病突发事件影响猪肉供给。最后,提出政策建议。     

工资的一般变动对生产价格的影响——《资本论》第3卷第11章研读

工资的变动会引起资本有机构成不同的各个生产部门生产价格的变动,但这只是改变已形成的新创造的价值的分配,不会改变商品价值和生产价格总额。生活资料价值的变动如果仅仅是引起工资的变动,就不会由此改变商品价值和生产价格。马克思在举例计算生产价格变动时出现了误差。     

农村劳动力转移、价格动态变化与趋同

改革开放后,农村转移劳动力迅速增加,2000年之后农村转移劳动力工资开始快速上涨,农村转移劳动力名义价格逐步动态趋同于所在地城镇劳动力名义价格。运用多层线性模型通实证分析表明:从1997至2009年期间城镇劳动力工资平均水平高于农村转移劳动力工资,但农村转移劳动力工资迅速上升,其差距在逐步缩小,中国出现了劳动力价格趋同的趋势。农村转移劳动力价格趋同将对中国宏观经济发展产生一系列影响。     

正确处理工资与价格的关系

(一) 在社会主义条件下,工资与价格是两个不同的经济范畴。它们的变动分别受着不同的经济规律支配。工资的变动主要受按劳分配规律的支配,价格的变动主要受价值规律的支配。但是工资与价格又有着相互联系相互制约的关系。工资作为实现按劳分配的具体报酬形式,是职工创造的产品经过社会扣除后归他们自己消费的部分。在存在商品货币的条件下,职工要用货币工资去购买消费品和支付消费性劳务。消费品价格和消费性劳务收费的高低直接影响着职工的生活水平,关系到按劳分配原则能否真正实现。物价上涨,工资不动,职工的生活水平就下降,若要保证职工生活水平不致下降,就必须增加工资。工资又是价格的组成部分。价格是由物质资料消耗支出;工资及工资附加支出;利润、税金三部分组成的。增加工资,在劳动生产率不变的情况下,就会增加生产成本。这时,若要单位产品的利润、税金不     

“富人社区效应”还是巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应?——一个基于外生收入的实际汇率理论

作为对国际价格水平差异的标准解释,巴拉萨—萨缪尔森(BS)效应依赖于国内劳动力同质假设和跨部门工资套利行为。本文提出了一个与之相对的"富人社区效应",可以在一国劳动力异质的条件下解释为什么富国的非贸易品价格较高。其直观解释是,如果一个国家拥有一个"富有居民"群体(比如高生产率的贸易品部门劳动者,或者全球贸易资源的所有者),而这个群体通过国际市场获得的硬通货总收入相对于该国总人口而言较高的话,其需求将抬高该国非贸易品价格。本文进而指出,关于BS效应的实证文献所广泛采用的两种基本统计检验,实际上无法区分BS效应与富人社区效应,这就对该领域相当一部分实证文献的正确性提出了质疑。此外,富人社区效应也有别于林德效应。     

基于投入产出原理的CPI价格-消费驱动模型

通过引入居民消费变量,构建了扩展投入产出价格模型,侧重考察了部门产品价格变动,经由居民消费及产业结构传导后,对消费者价格指数(CPI)的影响,并利用我国数据进行了实证研究。主要结论有:(1)各产业部门价格变动相同比例,对CPI的影响不尽相同;(2)产业结构适当升级有利于我国兼顾经济稳健发展与CPI控制目标的实现。总之,基于CPI的价格-消费驱动模型,本文认为升级产业结构、稳定居民必需品价格和获得国际市场定价权,是我国实现物价平稳进而改善民生的有效途径。     

我国猪肉价格波动规律及调控对策研究——基于H-P滤波法的实证分析

本文以中国2000年1月至2013年12月待宰活猪平均价格为研究对象,根据蛛网模型理论,基于Census X12季节调整法和H-P滤波法,从我国宰活猪平均价格月度数据中分离出不规则变动、季节变动、周期变动和趋势变动并分析其总体波动情况和波动规律。研究表明:我国待宰活猪价格每年5-9月份和12月份以后是季节性上涨,每年2-5月份和10-11月份是季节性下跌;我国待宰活猪价格每38个月左右出现一次周期性涨跌变化;我国猪肉价格增长趋势与CPI有关,CPI每增长1个百分点,会带动待宰活猪价格上涨2.8个百分点。最后,针对我国待宰活猪价格这些变化规律,提出稳定我国猪肉价格的政策建议。     

劳动力持续转移过程中的通胀陷阱及治理对策

在经济发展过程中,不断扩大的城乡收入差距使农业劳动力持续转入非农部门就业。这必然会导致农业生产不断萎缩和农产品供给相对不足,并引发农产品价格上涨。而农产品价格上涨,使农业经营收益提高,进而又导致农业劳动力转移规模减少,加剧城市劳动力短缺程度,并推动非农产业工资成本上升,致使非农产品也面临涨价压力。于是,当农业剩余劳动力耗尽后,劳动力转移规模、农产品价格和非农产品工资成本三者之间相互影响,形成恶性循环,构成通胀陷阱。摆脱通胀困境的重要策略是稳定农业生产,促进农业技术进步,以释放和转移更多农业劳动力,为经济结构转型和持续发展提供动力。     

Wage and price differences,technology gap and labor flow dynamics

The relationship between wage difference and relative employment is a very important issue in the field of economic structural change. An M-sector economic growth model is constructed in this paper to investigate the relationship between wage difference, price difference, technology gap, relative employment and sectoral dynamic change from the perspective of technologies. Labor flow is regarded as a decision-making behavior to maximize the benefits of economic agents. The benefits of labor flow mainly come from sectoral wage difference, and the costs of labor flow mainly come from the social resource expenditure during labor flow process. Our model illustrates that: (i) the relative employment is positively correlated with the real wage difference and technology gap; (ii) the sectoral dynamic changes coexist with the aggregate economic growth; (iii) increases in technology gap, and price and wage differences will stimulate labor migration, exacerbate the unbalanced growth of sectoral economies, and lead to faster and more effective aggregate economic growth.     

Informal self-employment and macroeconomic fluctuations

Informal self-employment is a major source of employment in developing countries. Its cyclical behavior is important to our understanding of the functioning of LDC labor markets, but turns out to be surprisingly complex. We develop a flexible model with two sectors: a formal salaried (tradable) sector that may be affected by wage rigidities, and an informal (non tradable) self-employment sector faced with liquidity constraints to entry. This labor market is then embedded in a standard small economy macro model. We show that different types of shocks interact with different institutional contexts to produce distinct patterns of comovement between key variables of the model: relative salaried/self-employed incomes, relative salaried/self-employed sector sizes and the real exchange rate. Model predictions are then tested empirically for Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. We confirm episodes where the expansion of informal self-employment is consistent with the traditional segmentation views of informality. However, we also identify episodes where informal self-employment behaves “pro-cyclically”; here, informality is driven by relative demand or productivity shocks to the non tradable sector.     

Price and quantity adjustments in the Austrian labour market

Austria is among the very few countries in the European Union which have managed to maintain comparatively low unemployment rates and high employment rates. This study looks at the price and quantity adjustment mechanisms in the Austrian labour market which may have contributed to this favourable outcome. After reviewing briefly the basic theoretical reasoning an empirical investigation is began into gross flow dynamics in the labour market and the cyclical volatility of employment and unemployment in Austria. In international comparison Austrian unemployment is very stable over the business cycle. This is due mainly to the high sensitivity of the labour force on cyclical conditions and, partly, also on the relatively weak responsiveness of employment to cyclical fluctuations in output, the latter being possibly attributable to the high degree of real wage flexibility in Austria. The study proceeds to show that the long-run elasticity of wages with respect to unemployment is indeed quite high in Austria. However, evidence was also found for outsider effects in the Austrian wage setting process. Relative wage structures, on the other hand, appear to be rather rigid.     

Tradable and nontradable directed technical change

ABSTRACT

We wish to reconcile the major trends in wages and the terms of trade using a directed technical change approach in which: (i) tradable and nontradable goods can be substitutes or complements; and (ii) scale effects can be present or can be partially or totally removed. With a lower skilled labour ratio and a higher relative wage in the tradable sector, the price (real exchange rate or terms of trade) mechanism is crucial in determining sectoral productivity differences and thus wage inequality. Along the balanced growth path, the real exchange rate can be negatively related with the relative productivities in horizontal innovation (the Balassa-Samuelson effect) and with the relative labour level, depending on scale effects. The wage premium increases due to an increase in the relative labour level in the nontradable sector under substitutability with scale effects or under complementarity without scale effects. A calibrated version of the model indicates that the model closely replicates the data for Germany. Moreover, while the Balassa-Samuelson effect is quantified, an increase in the relative supply of labour in the tradable sector decreases both terms of trade and inequality.     

An Efficiency Enhancing Minimum Wage

We consider an economy with a tax on all labor earnings. We discover that a slightly binding minimum wage on one sector can enhance efficiency. The minimum wage attracts high‐reservation wage workers into the minimum‐wage sector. If the labor demand curve in the free sector is quite flat, the vast majority of workers displaced by the minimum wage find employment in the free sector, raising aggregate employment. This displacement of workers by the only slightly binding minimum wage has negligible effects on efficiency. So efficiency and tax revenue rise as the minimum wage pulls labor out of untaxed leisure, where too much of the labor force is lurking, into taxed work.     

Macroeconomic Stability or Cycles? The Role of the Wage‐Price Spiral

We formulate a small and stylised dynamic macroeconomic model, and study how different specifications of the supply side affect the model's dynamic properties. The wage‐price equilibrium‐correction model (ECM) and the Phillips curve model (PCM) that both can be used to represent the supply side of a New Keynesian macro model, are synthesised in a generalised model of the wage‐price spiral. We show that the choice of ECM or PCM has implications for the long‐run stability of the macro model, without need of a NAIRU. We also find that the range of theoretically admissible dynamics is wide. For example, both the ECM and PCM may display endogenous cyclical fluctuations in inflation and unemployment, showing that even simple structures can give rise to complex dynamics. In practice that may entail that forecasting the effects of shocks and policy changes is difficult even in the best of circumstances.     

汇率冲击与劳动力市场调整——中国行业数据的经验研究

文章主要分析在汇率冲击下,中国可贸易行业1998—2009年劳动力市场的调整过程。文章利用实际有效汇率指标和动态面板估计方法分析影响劳动力市场调整的不同渠道。结果表明,汇率贬值通过出口渠道增加就业和降低工资,通过进口渠道降低就业和提高工资,通过效率渠道促进就业和降低工资。高贸易依存度行业的就业汇率弹性大于低贸易依存度行业,低加成比例行业的就业汇率弹性大于高加成比例行业,劳动力技术结构是影响就业汇率弹性的重要因素。     

二元经济结构下最低工资的就业效应研究——基于劳动力市场的视角

现阶段我国整体就业形势不容乐观,分析最低工资对就业的影响具有重要的现实意义。通过对我国劳动力市场分割条件下最低工资的就业效应进行实证分析发现,最低工资对竞争性行业劳动力市场（城市二级劳动力市场）就业有显著的正面影响,对行政垄断行业劳动力市场（城市一级劳动力市场）就业的正面影响则很小。因此,根据我国劳动力市场的具体情况,合理设置最低工资标准有利于促进就业。     

The Behavior of Nontradable-Goods Prices In Europe: Evidence and Interpretation*

This paper examines the evolution of the relative price between tradable and nontradable goods in a group of European countries. A model of an open economy is used to analyze different factors that can account for an increase in the relative price of nontradable goods. These factors are (a) faster technological progress in the tradable goods sector, (b) demand shifts toward nontradable goods, and (c) real wage pressures. the relevance of these factors is analyzed empirically for France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.     

Wage bargaining,trade and growth

We construct a North-South product-cycle model of trade with fully-endogenous growth and union wage bargaining. Economic growth is driven by Northern entrepreneurs who conduct R&D to innovate higher quality products. Northern production technologies can leak to the South upon successful imitation. The North has two sectors: a tradable industrial goods sector (manufacturing) where wages are determined via a bargaining process and a non-tradable sector (services) where wages are flexible. The South has only a tradable industrial goods sector where wages are flexible.We find that unilateral Northern trade liberalization, in the form of lower Northern tariffs on industrial goods, increases the rate of innovation but decreases both the bargained wage in the industrial sector and the flexible wage in the service sector. The wage effects are relative to the Southern wage rate. We also consider a variant of the model with Northern unemployment, driven by a binding minimum wage in the non-tradable service sector. In this case, Northern tariff cuts decrease the innovation rate and the bargained wage rate. In addition, the Northern unemployment rate increases. The model thus highlights the role of labor market institutions in determining the growth and labor market effects of tariff reductions. We also study the effects of unilateral Southern trade liberalization.