Integrating preferences and social values for ecosystem services in local ecological management: A framework applied in Xiaojiang Basin Yunnan province,China

Previous works have made great progress in mapping and assessing ecosystem services (ES) that are directed toward exploring various aspects of ecological changes and economic values. These preferences, however, may neglect the important role of people who are the direct beneficiaries in this ecosystem. Therefore, including these stakeholders in ES assessment identifies their relations and perceptions between ecosystem services and society. In order to quantify and map these relations and perceptions, we designed and implemented an analytical framework based on the Public Participatory Geographic Information System (PPGIS) method to explore local stakeholders’ (Farmers, Government managers/Experts, and Company employees) similarities and differences in recognition of preferences and social values for ecosystem services in a typical Karst basin. Our results showed that remarkable differences appeared in preferences for ES across three groups. Farmers gave more preferences to provisioning services, Government managers/Experts to regulating and cultural services, and Company employees’ preferences were individualized. The spatial distributions and relations of social values for ES also showed great differentials. Provisioning services were always related to specific natural conditions, regulating services to forests, and cultural services to specific locations around tourism localities, forest, and wetland parks. The three stakeholder groups perceived more synergies than tradeoffs between the different ecosystem services. Landscape beauty was the most influential service in Farmers’ and Company employees’ perceptions, while Local climate change regulation was the most influential service in those of Government managers/Experts. The local stakeholders’ surveys can improve the enthusiasm of the local people to participate in environmental management and provide more socio-ecological information to help the managers alleviate the conflicts among different stakeholders.     

渔业管理审计实施框架研究

渔业管理审计是渔业治理的重要工具,开展渔业管理审计有利于实现渔业的可持续发展,论文借鉴最高审计机关国际组织（INTOSAI）。环境审计工作组发布的《可持续渔业管理审计指南》,分析了开展渔业管理审计的必要性、明确了开展渔业管理审计的依据和审计步骤,并对我国审计机关开展渔业管理审计提出了若干建议。     

渔业行业协会的地位和作用

本文通过分析行业协会的地位和作用以及政府、市场和行业协会之间的关系,阐释了渔业行业协会在我国渔业管理中的地位和作用,并针对我国渔业行业协会的发展现状和存在的问题,提出了促进我国渔业行业协会发展的几点建议。     

Incentivising the collaborative management of mobile ecological resources

The collaborative management of mobile ecological resources across landscapes can provide many benefits at the societal level, but can also face considerable stakeholder opposition. Wild deer are one example of a range of ecological resources, whether individual species, habitats or ecosystem services, for which management at a landscape scale is likely to be far more effective than the single-site approaches favoured (and incentivised) to date. Determining the most appropriate mechanism to encourage collaboration depends on an understanding of the ecological, geographical, socio-economic and cultural contexts within which management decisions are made. In this paper, we employ a mixed-methods approach to quantify and explain UK deer managers’ preferences for different collaborative mechanisms and financial incentives, accounting for socio-economic and regional differences. We show that deer managers would regard a mandatory collaboration scheme as undesirable in the majority of regions covered in our study but that managers’ responses to proposed financial incentives for participation in mandatory collaboration were more positive in those regions where stakeholders had prior experience of existing payment schemes for modifying land use and wildlife management. Future collaboration in deer management in the UK is likely to be promoted most effectively if incorporated as part of existing environmental management schemes and in a sufficiently flexible manner to accommodate geographical and cultural contexts. Our study illustrates how mixed-methods approaches can be used to identify the opportunities and constraints associated with the wider uptake of collaboration in the management of mobile ecological resources.     

中国实施渔村社区管理初探

渔业资源是一种流动性的共有资源,渔业社区管理是政府和渔民群体共同承担渔业资源养护和利用的权利和责任的一种管理制度,其核心理念是对公共渔业资源的使用权应授予依赖其生存的渔民群体。本文通过阐述当前中国渔业管理中存在的问题,论证了开展渔村社区管理的必要性,并从经济、社会、文化、景观、生态、政策六个方面研究了影响中国渔村社区建设的主要因素。     

关于制约捕捞限额制度实施若干因素的探讨

本文根据我国新《渔业法》有关实行捕捞限额制度的规定,探讨了实行该项制度管理的主要制约因素,并针对当前亟需开展的工作和未来实施该制度管理时可能出现的问题,提出若干建议。     

海洋渔业资源配置效率与我国的可选路径

随着世界人口的增长和科学技术的发展,渔业资源从一度被称为“不可枯竭”的资源变为日益稀缺的资源。面对这一情况,渔业资源配置的效率和公平就成为渔业管理者无法回避的问题。本文分别从静态和动态的角度考察了渔业资源的配置效率,探讨了渔业资源配置措施,并分析了各种措施的制度效果,提出了实现我国渔业资源有效配置的根本途径在于构建“基于权利的管理”这样一种制度安排,进而结合我国的具体情况,提出了我国海洋渔业产权制度可采取的路径。     

A bioeconomic model for Hooker’s sea lion bycatch in New Zealand*

The New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries constrains the incidental capture of Hooker’s sea lions in trawl nets of the southern squid fishery by closing the season once an upper limit on sea lion deaths is reached. The regulatory measure is in fact a limit on effort because the number of sea lion deaths is calculated from an estimated mortality rate per standard unit of effort measured in tows. During recent years, vessels have been observed to increase the median time per tow, suggesting that the industry is expanding the capacity of an unregulated input in response. This paper formalises the current situation analytically by constructing a bioeconomic model that captures the idiosyncrasies of the squid fishery and the imposed regulation. Reducing the regulatory constraint to an isoperimetric problem can show how the current management regime may skew incentives leading to the observed increase in tow time. An extension to the current regulatory framework by introducing a spatial dimension to the estimated sea lion mortality rate may lead to more efficient behaviour. Despite retaining an upper limit on sea lion deaths, the profit‐maximising squid industry is given the incentive to increase effort in areas of high squid density relative to sea lion density.     

Effectiveness of harvest strategies in achieving multiple management objectives in a multispecies fishery

Fisheries management is characterised by multiple objectives, some of which may be complementary, while others may require trade‐offs between outcomes. Balancing these objectives is made more complex in the case of multispecies and multigear fisheries. In this paper, we develop a bioeconomic model that captures the key elements of such a fishery to test a range of potential harvest strategies to provide insights into how economic target reference points could lead to both desirable and undesirable management outcomes (e.g. discards). The model is developed as a long‐run optimisation model to identify target reference points to achieve multispecies maximum economic yield, and a dynamic recursive optimisation model, which includes more realistic representation of fishers’ behaviour, such as discards and trading of under‐caught species quotas. The potential economic, social and ecological impacts are evaluated using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results suggest that the use of proxy target reference points can result in short‐term economic benefits at the cost of slower stock recovery and higher discarding. Limiting the number of species subject to quota controls may also prove beneficial in multispecies fisheries, while ensuring quota markets are efficient is likely to produce benefits irrespective of the harvest strategy adopted.     

Regulators’ and stakeholders’ perspectives in a framework for bioenergy development

In this study, ten bioenergy crop rotations (corn, corn-stover, sorghum, soybean, corn-soybean, corn-soybean-canola, corn-stover-soybean, miscanthus, switchgrass, and sorghum-soybean) were selected based on local stakeholder (economically motivated) and regulator (environmentally motivated) preferences. These crops were implemented on diverse landscapes (agricultural, marginal, and agricultural plus marginal lands) one at time for 17 years using a SWAT model of the Saginaw River Watershed in Michigan. The bioenergy crops were evaluated based on 100 percent, 50 percent, and zero percent weight assigned to both stakeholders’ and regulators’ preferences using analytic hierarchy process (AHP), an optimization and decision-making technique that aims to satisfy multiple conflicting objectives. The corn-soybean-canola rotation was selected in all landscapes based on economic benefits (stakeholders’ preferences). Meanwhile, perennial grasses (miscanthus and switchgrass) were selected based on environmental benefits (regulators’ preferences), because they maintain permanent cover, require fewer inputs than traditional row crops, and are less management intensive. When implementing bioenergy crops on marginal lands, pollution generation greatly increased at the field level, indicating that these lands are likely not viable for bioenergy crop production to meet potential future renewable energy demand.     

渔业生产中的不确定性分析

渔业生产面临的环境复杂多变,受到自然环境不确定性、市场环境不确定性以及政策环境不确定性等不确定性因素的影响。这些不确定性因素对渔业生产产生双重作用效果,即在造成严重的渔业生产损失的同时,也对渔业生产者产生了生产技术、生产方式和组织形式改进激励。通过创新渔业保险制度、完善渔业生产应急管理体制以及保持渔业政策的连续性和稳定性等,可以有效降低渔业生产不确定性带来的损失。     

我国近海捕捞业中的利益博弈研究

文章首先界定了我国近海捕捞业中的三个利益相关者——中央政府、地方政府和捕捞者;其次对各利益相关者之间的博弈分别进行了分析,认为中央政府与地方政府之间存在委托代理关系,它们的博弈形式是有限次重复博弈,地方政府与捕捞者之间的博弈是不完全信息动态博弈并存在混合战略纳什均衡,而捕捞者之间博弈则类似于"公地悲剧";最后,基于利益协调思想对各个利益相关者分别提出了近海渔业资源保护的相应措施,为我国近海渔业资源可持续利用制度的完善提供科学依据。     

杭州桐庐水产专业合作社发展情况的调查分析

桐庐县地处钱塘江中游,水资源丰富且优良,水产业是桐庐县农业的主要支柱产业之一。水产专业合作社作为新农村建设的新生力量,在提升渔业产业发展水平、促进渔民增收、渔业增效等方面发挥了重大作用,因此发展水产专业合作社意义重大。论文着重分析了桐庐县水产专业合作社发展现状以及存在的问题,在此基础上提出了促进桐庐县水产专业合作社健康持续发展的对策。     

渔业产权模式初探

随着世界人口的增长和科学技术的发展,渔业资源从一度被称之为"不可枯竭"的资源变为日趋稀缺的资源.如何分配准入权或其它权利,也就成为渔业管理者无法回避的一个中心问题.不同国家可能会采取不同的手段来处理这一问题,明确界定和有效实施渔业产权,被大多数经济学家视为最有效率的安排之一.本文介绍了渔业产权的基本理念、类型及其特征,并指出确保我国渔业可持续发展的关键在于构建基于产权的渔业管理机制.     

天然林保护的利益相关者分析——基于对天然林保护地区的典型案例分析

从典型案例入手,介绍了利益相关者及其界定,界定了天保地区利益相关者,从调查结果找到了天然林保护主要利益相关者的需求;分析了天保工程实施后,政府和森林经营者等确定的利益相关者的受益、受损,以及天保工程实施对预期和潜在的利益相关者的影响,以期为林业管理体制的改革提供依据。     

Balancing irrigation multifunctionality based on key stakeholders’ attitudes: Lessons learned from the Muzza system,Italy

This research aims to evaluate the perceptions of and preferences for irrigation multifunctionality based on an analysis of stakeholder’ attitudes in a large irrigation system in Northern Italy, the Muzza canal. As the first artificial canal built in Northern Italy, this canal articulates a network of open earth canals that distribute water for irrigation, especially maize. The Stakeholder analysis approach and Governance model approach are applied. The collected data highlights: (1) each key stakeholder points of view regarding multifunctionality and ecosystem services, (2) the nature of conflicting attitudes regarding who and how the Muzza system is managed, and (3) the ability or inability to promote agreements among conflicting water demands. The results show how public administration is concerned about how to manage ecosystem services provided by irrigation practices, while private services are focused on how to guarantee the coexistence of consumptive and non-consumptive water uses, highlighting the persistent conflict between farming production and environmental protection. The rural community and civil society call for a debate about the future of irrigation multifunctionality in the Muzza system and the role of irrigation practices in landscape provision and management. In addition, the paper examines if multifunctionality is a characteristic or an objective of irrigation systems. These results can be used by researchers and relevant authorities to customize their interventions based on previous, well-structured knowledge of various stakeholders’ priorities.     

Managing Food Chain Risks: Integrating Technical and Stakeholder Perspectives on Uncertainty

We explore ways for expressing and communicating uncertainties about food risks and the options for including views from different stakeholders, including members of the public, in risk assessment and risk management. Uncertainty is not only a major consideration of technical risk assessments but also needs to be understood within the two‐way interaction with various stakeholders, ranging from specialist risk managers to members of the public. We consider techniques for integration of technical risk assessment methodologies, including measures of the uncertainties, with social science inputs on participation processes, consumer behaviour and effective risk communication. We use case studies representing different types of risk – chemical contamination, and microbial contamination – to focus the discussion. The paper reviews the approach of ongoing interdisciplinary research which is exploring ways of communicating risks and involving members of the public and other stakeholders in defining the interfaces and processes needed.     

我国渔业经济现状及发展对策研究

近年来,随着我国海洋渔业政策导向从单纯追求产量到贯彻可持续发展观念的转变,渔业生产方式逐渐由粗放型向资源环境友好型转变,渔业经济得到迅速发展。但在我国渔业经济快速发展的同时,生态资源环境、水产品加工及贸易、产业结构、渔业执法与管理等方面也暴露了许多问题。本文结合目前国际渔业经济发展趋势,对应国内渔业经济现状及暴露的问题,对我国渔业经济走向可持续发展提出了对策研究。     

Towards understanding and resolving the conflict related to the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) conservation with participatory management planning

Conflicts often arise in relation to the conservation of protected predator species. If stakeholders are well defined and involved in participatory processes, their views and perceptions can be incorporated and steps can be made towards resolving such conflicts. In this paper, a case from Hungary is presented. In this case, a participatory management planning process was initiated in the Jászság Special Protection Area of European importance (SPA), within the frame of a LIFE+ project focusing on the conservation of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). It provided a good opportunity to address a complex conflict situation between nature conservationists, game managers and farmers. We identified structural conflicts such as contradictions between direct agricultural payments and nature conservation goals, conflicts related to different views of the main influencing factors, relational problems between various stakeholders, and even differences in value orientation. The participatory management planning process was successful in clarifying the conflict situation and making productive steps toward a common understanding and resolution. Besides the mutually agreed conservation measures, the establishment of an administrative and financial incentive such as the high nature value area (HNVA) scheme proved to be an especially important factor for mitigating the conflict. It also contributed to a more successful realisation of nature conservation objectives in an area dominated by private land owners. However, continued interaction and cooperation are needed to stabilise this progress. Our paper also shows that stakeholder involvement in conservation management planning can transcend the strategic dimension of participation, and address broader common values besides the interests of land user groups.     

Future of the hills of Scotland: Stakeholders’ preferences for policy priorities

This paper sets out to assess stakeholders’ preferences for policy priorities for the management of the hill areas of Scotland, using an adaptive conjoint analysis (ACA) method. The method is used to evaluate trade-offs that stakeholders make between policy priorities. A pre-survey was carried out to obtain a large number of defining characteristics of a Scottish hill land system, which were subsequently narrowed down to 20 attributes. A survey was implemented, where a range of stakeholders, who had an interest in the hill and upland areas of Scotland, were asked to select and rank five attributes (out of the 20) that, for them, best described a hill system. They were also asked to describe what constituted both good and poor levels for each of their 5 chosen attributes. A computerised ACA questionnaire was designed, using attributes and levels defined from the previous surveys. Respondents were asked what the policy targets for management choices and options should be in the next 10 years for the Scottish hill areas. Policy simulations were subsequently carried out using the ACA software, to compare stakeholders’ actual preferences with seven different policy profiles, designed to reflect current land use issues and orientations for the Scottish hills.