Technology spillovers,absorptive capacity and economic growth

By establishing an endogenous growth model with knowledge-driven R&D, this paper aims to investigate the relationship between international technology spillovers, the host country's absorptive capability and endogenous economic growth. The solution to the competitive equilibrium problem shows that long-run growth arises from improvements in absorptive capability and higher human capital stocks, while the relationships between openness, the technology gap and the steady-state growth rate are uncertain. Econometric estimates of China's economic growth are obtained using province level data covering the period 1996–2002. The estimates indicate that technology spillovers depend on the host country's human capital investment and degree of openness, and that FDI is a more significant spillover channel than imports.     

吸收能力和贸易政策对FDI技术溢出的影响分析——基于中国工业部门面板数据的实证研究

FDI的技术溢出不是自发产生的,溢出效应受到东道国国内的政策和经济环境的影响,其中两个重要因素是东道国的吸收能力和贸易政策。本文利用工业部门2005—2008年的数据,实证分析了FDI溢出效应。在考虑了前向联系和后向联系中的直接影响和间接影响情况下,检验了FDI横向溢出和纵向溢出,分析了吸收能力和贸易政策对FDI溢出效应的影响。我国的横向溢出和后向溢出不显著,前向溢出显著;吸收能力和贸易政策对外商在华投资的溢出效应产生不利影响。

Abstract：

FDI spillovers are assumed not to be automatic but are hypothesized as being a function of the domestic policies and economic environment in host countries.Two determinants have been generally recognized,the absorptive capability and the trade policy.This paper examines FDI spillovers using the industrial data during the period 2005—2008.Taking the direct and indi-rect effect into forward and backward linkages,both horizontal and vertical FDI spillovers are examined,and the effect of the absorptive capability and the trade policy on FDI spillovers are analyzed.The results show that the spillovers through horizontal spillovers and backward link-ages are insignificant,while positive spillovers through forward linkages are statistically significant.Absorptive capability and trade policy produce unfavorable effects on FDI spillovers.     

FDI productivity spillovers and the technology gap in Malaysia's electrical and electronic industries

This study measures the impact of indirect technology transfer through spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) on Malaysia's development of a ‘high‐tech’ sector, namely the electrical and electronic (E&E) industries. We estimate the total factor productivity (TFP) of establishments as a function of foreign presence within and across industries. Both the fixed assets and wages share of foreign establishments in a five‐digit ISIC (International Standard Industrial Classification) industry are used as measures of foreign presence. The estimations provide evidence of significantly negative (or insignificant) FDI vertical spillover effects and insignificant horizontal spillover effects on the TFP of domestic establishments. The positive (negative) coefficient of the interaction term between the forward (horizontal) spillover variable and the technology gap supports the ‘catching‐up’ (technology accumulation) hypothesis. The negative impact, even absence, of FDI spillover effects on TFP and the mixed evidence on the effects of interactions between FDI spillovers and the technology gap suggest that fine‐tuning of fiscal incentive schemes for FDI to arrive at positive net benefits may prove to be a daunting task in the Malaysian E&E industries.     

“新三角贸易”模式下的贸易、投资与创新绩效——基于知识溢出与吸收能力视角的研究

本文采用地区细分的贸易和投资数据,从技术引进、吸引外商直接投资(FDI)两大路径研究"新三角贸易"模式下知识外溢对本土创新绩效的影响。研究表明:吸收能力是影响本土创新的关键因素;产业关联度低是制约高技术领域FDI知识溢出的重要原因。     

FDI技术溢出、协同创新及其互动对制造业技术升级的影响

基于2010—2018年中国制造业上市公司与地级市的匹配数据，实证分析FDI技术溢出和协同创新及两者互动对制造业技术升级的作用，并进一步检验了不同企业所有制和产业类型下的异质性影响。研究发现，FDI技术溢出和企业间协同创新能显著促进制造业技术升级且形成积极交互效应，而产学研协同创新对技术升级的作用不显著，尚未与FDI技术溢出形成合力；在国有企业和技术密集型行业，FDI技术溢出与企业间协同创新的交互效应更为显著。     

我国各区域FDI吸收能力的比较研究

为了探究影响我国东、中、西部FDI吸收能力大小的内在原因,文章在前人研究基础上建立了评价我国区域FDI吸收能力的指标体系与结构方程模型,并以实证的方法对模型中的各参数进行了估计和检验.同时,根据参数的大小及其含义,确定了指标体系中可测指标的权重.最后,文章利用权重和可测指标数据测出了各地区吸收能力大小.结果表明我国各地区吸收能力逐年增强,但中西部与东部地区差距依然很大,中西部与东部地区之间FDI吸收能力的差距主要是由于中西部地区技术吸收能力和基础吸收能力差而导致的.     

Are FDI spillovers regional? Firm-level evidence from China

This paper examines whether spillovers from FDI occur at the national or regional level, using firm-level census data for the Chinese manufacturing industry between 2000 and 2003. We find that FDI provides significant positive spillovers for the productivity of firms in the same industry, but these spillovers are likely to be regional; that is, domestic firms benefit more from the presence of foreign firms in the same sector within the same region. The backward and forward linkage effects of FDI are negative with significant regional disparity. The geographic distribution of FDI also influences spillovers, with an increase in FDI inflow to the top FDI recipient provinces increasing the forward linkage spillovers. Our empirical results also suggest that domestic firms differ significantly in the extent to which they benefit from FDI, though domestic firms with high absorptive capacity are more likely to benefit from FDI.     

产业关联、技术差距与外商直接投资的技术溢出

本文运用非均衡面板数据的广义矩估计,从产业关联和技术差距的角度考察了外商直接投资对中国纺织业的技术溢出效应.经验分析结论表明,外商直接投资主要通过水平关联和后向关联对纺织业内资企业产生溢出效应;外商直接投资是否通过水平关联促进内资企业生产效率的改善还取决于内外资企业间的技术差距,只有当内外资企业技术差距小于门限值时,外...     

Economic growth,local industrial development and inter-regional spillovers from foreign direct investment: Evidence from China

In many countries inward foreign direct investment (FDI) typically concentrates in a few regions. However, there is little empirical evidence on whether spatially concentrated FDI boosts economic growth in other regions within the same country. We use a dataset that covers 96% of Chinese cities from 1996 to 2004 and find that “inter-regional spillovers” from FDI concentrated in China's coastal cities have a positive and significant effect on the growth of inland cities. In addition, an inland city's industrial development affects its absorptive capacity to gain such inter-regional spillovers from coastal FDI.     

国际知识溢出与中国技术进步实证研究

本文把技术进步分为水平差异型和垂直阶梯型两种模式,从理论上探讨了在不同的技术进步模式下知识溢出对技术进步的影响,接着对国际知识溢出和发展中国家技术进步之间的关系进行了实证分析。本文的实证分析发现,进口渠道的国际知识溢出是中国提升技术水平的最主要途径,而FDI渠道国际知识溢出的技术进步效应并不显著,这是因为进口渠道的国际知识溢出多发生在水平差异型技术进步行业,而FDI渠道的国际知识溢出多发生在垂直阶梯型技术进步行业。因此本文认为,扩大中间投入品进口、引导FDI投向水平差异型技术进步模式行业、鼓励和支持本国企业的研发行为更有利于促进我国的技术进步。     

Productivity Spillovers from FDI in China： Regional Differences and Threshold Effects

Economic theory posits numerous channels through which FDI might create positive spillovers for domestic firms. However, the results of empirical studies that have sought to document these spillovers have been mixed. One explanation for this variation is that the capacity of domestic firms to absorb spillovers might vary. In the present paper, we explore these issues in the case of China. ,4side from being one of the world＇s leading hosts offoreign direct investment, China makes for an interesting case study because its provinces vary greatly with respect to those factors most commonly held to influence absorptive capacity, such as the initial level of technology in domestic firms. This paper begins by empirically establishing that the spillovers from foreign direct investment do indeed vary across provinces. Threshold values for varioas factors that influence absorptive capacity factors are then estimated and it is found that conditions in many provinces presently fall short of these values. This provides an obvious focus of attention for China＇s policy-makers.     

基于技术创新能力的国际直接投资阶段论及对中国的验证

本文以应用计量经济模型把54个样本国的技术发展阶段分成低技术、中技术和高技术3个组及6个梯级水平,同时把FDI阶段分成强吸收FDI、弱吸收FDI和净对外直接投资三个阶段,并对不同阶段的技术发展和FDI关系进行研究。结果表明,一国技术发展阶段越低,FDI流入的比重越高,FDI流出比重越低;FDI能否推动低技术国家的技术发展,取决于本国在所处技术发展阶段、技术发展路径选择、直接投资能力和国内的基础研发努力等方面。这从我国FDI发展阶段滞后于技术发展阶段的实际情况中得到验证。     

人力资本、研发投入与对外直接投资的逆向技术溢出

本文依据1985～2008年我国对11个主要国家和地区的对外直接投资数据,测算了通过OFDI渠道溢出的外国研发资本存量,并对我国OFDI的逆向技术溢出效应进行了实证分析。同时,从吸收能力的角度考察了人力资本和国内研发对我国OFDI逆向技术溢出效应的影响。结果表明,对外直接投资对我国全要素生产率的提升有显著的促进作用,但是促进程度受人力资本和国内研发吸收能力因素的制约,其中研发投入的不足造成的技术吸收的阻碍更大。     

知识产权保护与国际R&D溢出实证研究

进口贸易和FDI是国际R&D溢出的主要渠道,知识产权保护水平是影响国际技术效应的重要因素。运用中国1985～2009的时间序列数据实证分析表明,进口贸易和FDI能显著促进国际R&D的技术溢出,且吸收能力的加强有助于技术效应的扩大。但是在现有中国经济的发展水平下,知识产权保护的加强会抑制国际技术溢出,阻碍中国劳动生产率的提高。因此,作为发展中国家,完善现有教育体制和提高人力资本自主创新才是关键,同时在不违反WTO协议的前提下,应采取适度的知识产权保护水平。     

The Role of the Efficiency Gap for Spillovers from FDI: Evidence from the UK Electronics and Engineering Sectors

This paper focuses on the role of the efficiency gap in determining whether or not domestic firms benefit from productivity spillovers from FDI. We use establishment level data for the period 1980–1992 for the UK. Given that there is substantial heterogeneity of productivity across sectors we focus on two manufacturing sectors in detail, namely, electronics and engineering. We allow for different effects of FDI on establishments located at different quantiles of the productivity distribution by using conditional quantile regression. Overall, while there is some heterogeneity in results across sectors and quantiles, our findings clearly suggest that the efficiency gap matters for productivity spillover benefits. We find evidence for a u-shaped relationship between productivity growth and FDI interacted with the efficiency gap. We also analyse in some detail the impact of changes in relative efficiency on establishments’ ability to benefit from spillovers.     

Which firms benefit from foreign direct investment? Empirical evidence from Indonesian manufacturing

Despite growing concern regarding the productivity benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI), very few studies have been conducted on the impact of FDI on firm-level technical efficiency. This study helps fill this gap by empirically examining the spillover effects of FDI on the technical efficiency of Indonesian manufacturing firms. A panel data stochastic production frontier (SPF) method is applied to 3318 firms surveyed over the period 1988–2000. The results reveal evidence of positive FDI spillovers on technical efficiency. Interesting differences emerge however when the samples are divided into two efficiency levels. High-efficiency domestic firms receive negative spillovers, in general, while low-efficiency firms gain positive spillovers. These findings justify the hypothesis of efficiency gaps, that the larger is the efficiency gap between domestic and foreign firms the easier the former extracts spillover benefits from the latter.     

跨国公司后向技术溢出问题的研究综述

近年来,随着外商直接投资的规模日益扩大,跨国公司通过后向关联途径对东道国产生的技术溢出效应越来越受到学者的关注。为了能为今后的深入研究提供借鉴,文章首先从后向技术溢出的内涵及途径两方面对现有的理论研究进行了文献梳理;然后,分别对后向技术溢出的正向效应和非正向效应的实证研究结论进行了归纳,发现大多数学者的研究都支持正的后向技术溢出效应;最后,从东道国和跨国公司两个层面,将国内外学者关于跨国公司后向技术溢出效应影响因素的研究进行了总结,认为技术差距、行业开放水平、投资动机、技术吸收能力以及外资集聚程度都对跨国公司的后向技术溢出效应产生影响。     

外商直接投资对中国技术进步效应的结构分析

以行业数据为基础的分析结果表明,外资对上海的直接技术进步效应大于外资对上海本地企业的技术溢出效应,而外资对上海本地企业的技术溢出效应大小又与外资进入的行业有关。分不同外资来源的分析结果表明,港澳台投资对上海的直接技术进步效应小于对上海本地企业的技术溢出效应,OECD投资对上海的直接技术进步效应大于对上海本地企业的技术溢出效应。从上海经验出发,我们认为,我国必须根据外资对我国本地企业的正向技术溢出效应大小,甄别和遴选外资来源、流入形式和进入行业,在若干难以明显获得外资正向技术溢出效应的领域,采用内资替代外资的投资政策,以增加我国资本要素的投资收益,减少GDP与GNP之间的差距,降低经济增长过程中的福利漏出。     

对外直接投资、逆向研发溢出与母国技术进步——数理模型与实证研究

本文在国际技术溢出理论的基础上,建立了一个对外直接投资促进母国技术进步的数理模型。该数理模型重点对Cohen & Levinthal的"吸收能力"理论作了扩展,将母国研发支出的"双重身份"扩展到"三重身份"。随后本文使用OECD国家数据对该模型进行了实证检验,认为:(1)对外直接投资获得的逆向研发溢出可以促进母国技术进步;(2)母国的研发存量和东道国研发溢出之间的交互作用以"替代作用"为主;(3)通过"门槛回归"发现,随着母国研发存量的增加,该"替代作用"逐渐增加,但是其增幅较为微弱。     

安徽省FDI技术外溢效应的实证分析

借鉴Levin和Raut[1]的思想构建了FDI内生化的技术进步模型,选取安徽省1985-2008年间的数据,运用计量经济方法进行实证分析和检验,探讨了安徽省外商直接投资的技术外溢效应,得出FDI存在一定程度的负的技术外溢效应,但没有通过显著性检验,因此认为FDI在安徽省不存在技术外溢效应。