期权模型在财产保险偿付能力研究中的应用

期权模型已广泛应用于金融保险业。本文将期权定价模型运用于财产保险的偿付能力分析。在保险被视为公司的负债且保险的需求函数与偿付能力不足风险成反比的假设下,可通过选择偿付能力不足风险的水平来实现保险人的利润最大化。     

Investor base and corporate borrowing: Evidence from international bonds

We examine international bond issues by US firms to study the benefits of investor taste for cross-border security issuances. We proxy for firms' international investor taste with the fraction of prior international bond holding in firms' domestic and international bonds and find that international investor demand increases with such taste. Moreover, the offering yield spreads on international bonds are lower than domestic offering yield spreads for these internationally recognized firms and they have higher probability of issuing internationally. Such international recognition may occur, for instance, if the diversification benefits of adding the security to investor's portfolio outweigh the negative effects of higher renegotiation costs for international compared to domestic investors.     

Financial safety nets: reconstructing and modelling a policymaking metaphor

This paper explains that financial safety nets exist because of difficulties in enforcing contracts and shows that elements of deposit-insurance schemes differ substantially across countries. It shows that differences in the design of financial safety nets correlate significantly with differences in the informational and contracting environments of individual countries and that a country's GDP per capita is correlated with proxies for a country's level of: (1) informational transparency, (2) contract enforcement and deterrent rights, and (3) accountability for safety net officials. The analysis portrays deposit insurance as a part of a country's larger safety net and contracting environment. This means that there is no universal method for preventing and resolving banking problems and that the structure of a country's safety net should evolve over time with changes in private and government regulators' capacity for valuing financial institutions, disciplining risk taking and resolving insolvency promptly, and for being held accountable for how well they perform these tasks.     

商业银行偿付能力风险、流动性风险与银行体系风险

宏观审慎监管需要微观基础.研究商业银行偿付能力风险与流动性风险和银行体系风险的关系,有助于监管当局制定合适的监管工具,有效管理银行业的系统性风险.中国未曾爆发过真正意义的银行业危机,因而研究影响银行业系统性风险的因素成为难题.在借鉴风险二维定义属性基础上,本文对商业银行偿付能力风险和流动性风险如何影响银行业稳定进行了实证分析.分析结果表明,当商业银行偿付能力上升时,银行风险承担会上升,进而增加银行倒闭的预期损失;商业银行流动性风险的上升也会增加银行倒闭的预期损失;商业银行偿付能力提高时,流动性风险会降低;商业银行流动性风险上升时,偿付能力风险也上升.     

Lagging Effects of the Use of Activity‐Based Costing on the Financial Performance of Small Firms*

This paper contributes to the earlier small business literature by investigating the lagging effects of the use of activity‐based costing (ABC) on small firms' performance. Moreover, we examine if the small firms' past financial performance drives the adoption of ABC and explore whether the extent of ABC use leads, in turn, to improvements in firms' financial performance in the immediate future. In sum, the survey results indicate that small firms with adequate financial resources as well as firms experiencing declining growth tend to use ABC and such use facilitates their subsequent growth and profitability. Small firms seem to benefit from using ABC.     

Democracy across Gender Diversity and Ethnicity of Middle Eastern SMEs: How Does Performance Differ?

This paper examines the relationship between boards of directors' demographic diversity and firms' financial performance. In particular, we highlight how women and ethnic minorities can affect Middle Eastern SMEs' financial performance. Using an unbalanced panel of 1,855 firm‐year observations of 371 boards of directors from nine Middle Eastern countries, our results support the positive impact of women and ethnic minority group members on Middle Eastern firms' performance. However, our evidence implies that when Western ethnic minority members increase, firms' performances tend to decrease, because these board members are appointed for regional and international board reputation legitimacy, personal business agendas, and links to the external corporate environment.     

保险企业稳健型资产负债管理模型

金融市场当中的资产收益和利率波动具有不确定性,保险企业的财务目标是满足偿付能力要求,同时最大化期望收益,最小化风险。为了实现这一稳健的财务目标,保险企业需要在不确定性条件下对资产与负债实行有效管理。     

中国寿险业偿付能力风险诱发因素分析

文章从中国寿险公司经营的实际出发,证实了偿付能力风险的存在。针对导致寿险偿付风险出现的若干原因,着重分析了五个直接诱发因素,结合保险法规和保险经营的实际,阐述了笔者的看法,以期能引起保险业的关注,为中国寿险业的经营与持续发展提出建议。     

Financial factors and exporting decisions

Is financial health a determinant of export market participation? Is it an outcome? Using a panel of 9292 UK manufacturing firms over the period 1993–2003, we explore the links between firms' financial health and their export market participation decisions. We find that exporters exhibit better financial health than non-exporters. Yet, when we differentiate between continuous exporters and starters, we see that this result is driven by the former. Starters generally display low liquidity and high leverage, possibly due to the sunk costs which need to be met to enter export markets. Furthermore, we find no evidence that firms enjoying better ex-ante financial health are more likely to start exporting, and strong evidence that participation in export markets improves firms' financial health.     

关于财产保险公司最低资本要求法与规之间的一致性问题

我国目前施行以偿付能力为核心的三支柱保险监管模式。偿付能力监管实质就是对资本充足率的监管。由于资本充足率等于保险公司的实际资本与最低资本的比率,所以最低资本的要求将直接影响资本充足率的大小。为了保证保险公司的偿付能力,保护被保险人的利益,各国保险监管法规都对保险公司设定了最低资本要求,我国《保险法》和保监会颁布的《保险公司管理规定》和《保险公司偿付能力管理规定》(保监发[2008]第1号)都对保险公司最低资本要求作出了规定。本文采用比较的方法分析了我国《保险法》和保监会规章对财产保险公司最低资本要求的不同规定,指出了法与规对同一问题规定不一致可能对监管实践产生的种种影响;通过借鉴国际和地区的规定和最新动态,分析了法规不一致的原因,并从立法技术和立法内容两个层面提出了相关建议。     

The determinate effects of competences and decision process factors on firms' internationalisation

This study introduces the current situation of Taiwan's financial industries and presents a literature review including competences, competitive advantage, and key factors under the process of the international investment decision, and internationalisation. The study takes a ‘triangulation’ approach that uses both qualitative and quantitative methods in the exploration of the internationalisation of Taiwan financial markets. Sampling targets of the research consist of managers from banks, security firms, and insurance firms in Taiwan. The findings highlight perceptions of factors such as resources, skill, market knowledge, and international investment experience of firms aiding the internationalisation of Taiwan financial industry. Further, this study reveals that firms' internationalisation relates positively to the firms performance.     

Anticorruption,political connections,and corporate cash policy: Evidence from politician downfalls in China

We examine how firms change their cash policies in response to the downfall of corrupt politicians in China. We find that firms connected to their local government increase cash holdings when high-profile politician downfalls occur in the government. Consistent with the precautionary saving argument, the effect is stronger for firms that have greater investment opportunities or face greater financial constraints. Compared to unaffected firms, affected firms save more cash out of cash flows and have a higher marginal value of cash holdings. Overall, we show that the collapse of firms' political connections has significant impacts on those firms' financial policies.     

Revisiting the valuation of deposit insurance

This study proposes a framework for pricing deposit insurance that evaluates the effect of depositor preference laws and the issuance of contingent capital bonds. Four main findings emerge from this study. First, traditional option pricing models of deposit insurance overestimate insurance premiums. Second, only large issuances of contingent capital bonds decrease deposit insurance premiums under depositor preference. Third, the issuance of contingent capital bonds can partially offset banks' excessive risk-taking caused by regulatory forbearance. Finally, although large banks have implied too-big-to-fail risks, the deposit insurer's costs from large banks are not nearly as high as reported in previous studies.     

No Pain,No Strain: Impact of Health on the Financial Security of Older Americans

This study uses data from the 2002 and 2004 Health and Retirement Study to investigate the impact that new and existing health problems have on the financial strain of older Americans. Two‐period models are estimated for a series of financial ratio guidelines that take into account household solvency, liquidity, and investment asset accumulation. We test our models using a subjective measure of self‐reported health status and two objective measures of health that control for the severity of specific health conditions. The results show that health problems significantly increase the likelihood of financial strain for older individuals, but the effects vary by the measure of financial strain used and how health status is defined. Specifically, existing health conditions were more likely to affect solvency and investment asset accumulation than liquidity, while new health events were more likely to affect solvency. The severity of the condition did not seem to matter as much as whether the condition was chronic. These results provide insight into the future financial security of older Americans and have important implications for health policy and research.     

Corporate usage of financial derivatives,information asymmetry,and insider trading

This article investigates whether financial derivative usage by Australian corporations constitutes information asymmetry when proxied by profitable trading in the firms' securities by insiders. The findings show that insiders who trade in companies that employ derivatives make larger purchase returns compared to insiders in nonuser firms with regard to trading identity, trading intensity, variability of usage, volume of trading, and industry effects. A plausible explanation is that asymmetry is driven by derivative traders who undertake noisy transactions in firms where risk outcomes were previously transparent. Excess returns are confined to purchase transactions consistent with insiders primarily selling for noninformation reasons. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:25–47, 2010     

Board Committee Meetings and Firm Financial Performance: An Investigation of Australian Companies

This article examines how the frequency of board committee meetings impacts on Australian firms' financial performance. Data were collected from 118 Australian listed companies – including 26 financial firms and 92 nonfinancial firms – for the period 1999–2007. Analysis of that data shows that the frequencies of audit committee meetings and remuneration committee meetings are positively and significantly associated with return on equity and return on assets. The frequencies of risk committee meetings do not show any significant effects on the financial performance of Australian firms. Estimated results are found to be robust after controlling for internal as well as external governance mechanisms that might affect Australian firm performance.     

Estimation of the default risk of publicly traded companies: evidence from Canadian data

Through Canadian publicly traded companies, this study assessed how combining firms' continuous valuations by the market (structural model) with the value given in their financial statements (accounting model) could enhance prediction of a company's probability of default. The hybrid model outperformed other models. Specifically, estimated structural probabilities of default (PDs) contributed significantly to predicting default probabilities when they were included alongside accounting and macroeconomic variables in our hybrid model. These results were obtained with two versions of the structural model: the Merton model (Merton, 1973, 1974) and the default barrier model (Brockman & Turtle, 2003). Both models were estimated with the maximum likelihood method. Copyright © 2008 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parsimonious Models of Financial Insolvency in Small Companies

This study is an extension of current research on insolvency diagnosis. We intend to demonstrate that in small firms, the relevant information for the preventive diagnosis of insolvency can be synthesised in a model built upon a more reduced number of economic and financial ratios than the ones generally used in this kind of study. Our approach produces parsimonious models that can extract information from publicly available accounting-financial data. We demonstrate that using an extensive exploratory stage that will monitor the effects of correlation between financial variables, we will be able to build relatively stable models with a small set of variables.The results of the models built by resorting to discriminant analysis and to logistic regression present a similar accuracy to models previously developed. Our models present the advantage of including a small number of variables that can be interpreted in the light of current financial theory and therefore it reduces the number of financial data needed to make an insolvency diagnosis. This is particularly decisive when working in an environment of restricted information availability, which is very common in small companies.     

Financing in an emerging economy: Does financial development or financial structure matter?

This paper investigates the effects of the financial system on a firm's investment decisions using data from 404 Brazilian firms over the 1998–2006 period. We also use country-level data and classify firms as financially constrained and unconstrained according to the KZ and WW indexes. The results show that financial development has a significant impact on a firm's investment. Furthermore, the financial structure has an effect on the investment behavior of constrained firms even after controlling for the level of financial development. This finding points to a market-based financial system in order to reduce the constrained firms' dependence on internal resources.     

Financing constraints and US cross‐listing

This study investigates whether relaxation of firms' financial constraints is an important outcome of the US cross‐listing mechanism. We use the association between investment spending and cash flow to test for the presence and importance of firms' financing constraints. Consistent with the bonding hypothesis, the results suggest that US exchange and private placement cross‐listings significantly alleviate firms' financing constraints. In addition, the financial benefits associated with exchange listings are larger than those associated with private listings, while on the other hand, over‐the‐counter programs do not improve capital allocation. The study also shows that US exchange cross‐listing benefits have not been eroded by the enactment of the Sarbanes‐Oxley (SOX) Act in 2002. Copyright © 2014 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.