动态拨备制度的实践及对中国的启示

动态拨备作为宏观审慎的管理工具之一,首先在西班牙实践并运行了近十年,在此次金融危机中也发挥了重要的逆周期调节作用.引起国际社会的广泛关注.本文在考察西班牙调控实践的基础上,对动态拨备制度的基本内容及其影响进行了深入的分析,并结合中国实际得出一些有益的启示.     

我国动态拨备的国际经验借鉴及实施对策

2010年9月的巴塞尔协议Ⅲ明确提出要建立拨备制度。我国银行业现行的贷款拨备制度存在衡量数据缺陷、缺乏动态性与前瞻性、部门间不协调性等问题。本文借鉴西班牙动态拨备经验,结合我国国情提出了解决方法:注重前后经济周期数据的对比,融合动态性、逆周期性与前瞻性,将规则与监管相辅相成。     

银行信贷的顺周期性与逆周期政策选择

银行业的顺周期性既具有内生性,也与现行资本、拨备、公允价值计量政策有关。缓解顺周期性和建立逆周期调整机制,被一致认为是宏观审慎监管框架的重要组成部分,并已成为国际监管改革的重要内容。有关监管当局已在朝着建立资本缓冲、实行前瞻性的拨备制度、改进公允价值计量方法、修订新资本协议这些方面努力。但银行业内生的顺周期性很难消除,确定合理的资本缓冲技术上非常困难,动态拨备机制的建立尚存争议,当前对公允价值计量方法的改变也并不能改变经济的实质。因此,增强风险管理能力仍然是永恒的主题,各种逆周期监管工具的设计还应抓紧研究,监管者应提高对经济变化和风险变化的敏感度。     

贷款损失拨备规则与银行顺周期行为——基于西班牙动态拨备规则的分析

不健全的拨备规则可能加剧银行的顺周期行为,危机后建立微观反周期机制的途径之一就是改革拨备规则.本文通过对西班牙动态拨备系统的经验分析表明,动态拨备规则虽不能消除商业银行的顺周期行为,但其较好地解决了拨备的充足性及其"旱涝保收"问题.提高了银行系统抵御风险的缓冲能力.随着银行业市场化改革的深入,我国应借鉴西班牙动态拨备经验,进一步完善我国的银行业拨备制度,提高国内银行的风险管理和抵御风险冲击能力.     

英国实施逆周期资本缓冲的实践及经验借鉴

《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》实施以来,逆周期资本缓冲(CCyB)作为一项宏观审慎政策工具,成为各国缓解金融体系顺周期性的主要手段。文章系统地梳理了英国实施CCyB监管的主要内容和政策实践,并基于宏观审慎的角度,从重视CCyB工具的使用、强化风险监测和压力测试、注重对外沟通等方面,阐述对我国逆周期资本监管的借鉴意义。     

完善我国逆周期财政政策:国际经验借鉴与对策

本文通过探讨我国财政政策的发展现状引出实行逆周期财政政策的必要性,然后深入分析我国实施逆周期财政政策的历史经验,在吸取发达国家实施逆周期财政政策的经验和教训的基础上,对完善我国逆周期财政政策提出有效的政策建议。     

智利银行体系信用风险拨备的监管经验

金融危机引发了对反周期拨备的关注和研究兴趣.智利在危机后改进了危机前近二十年的信用风险拨备监管要求,相对于其他实行反周期拨备的国家,危机后智利的信用风险拔备监管兼有后向型和前瞻型的优点,可以有效地降低信用风险拔备的周期性.智利的经验对中国具有一定的借鉴意义.     

智利银行体系信用风险拨备的监管经验

金融危机引发了对反周期拨备的关注和研究兴趣。智利在危机后改进了危机前近二十年的信用风险拨备监管要求,相对于其他实行反周期拨备的国家,危机后智利的信用风险拨备监管兼有后向型和前瞻型的优点,可以有效地降低信用风险拨备的周期性。智利的经验对中国具有一定的借鉴意义。     

我国商业银行贷款损失拨备提取方法及适度性研究

本次的全球金融危机,引发了对商业银行贷款损失拨备顺周期性的关注。本文提出了一种新的前瞻性拨备计提方法,并对我国银行拨备的适度性进行了研究。结果表明,我国当前的拨备监管标准存在偏高的可能,而过量的贷款损失拨备会覆盖到银行的非预期损失,这就会催生银行贷款意愿降低、会计报告失真等问题,从而增加银行体系的风险。     

国外利率市场化改革案例分析及启示

放开存贷款利率限制是利率市场化改革的最终目标,我国利率市场化改革的最后阶段已经悄然临近,吸取国外利率市场化改革的经验教训,能够为我国利率市场化实现完美跨跃多加一重保障。     

关于宏观审慎监管框架下逆周期政策的探讨

理论和实务界总结此次国际金融危机的经验教训,一致认为应当对金融监管理念和方式进行重大调整。加强宏观审慎监管,并将其与微观审慎监管进行有机结合,将成为后危机时代各国金融监管的主要发展趋势。本文认为,现阶段实施宏观审慎监管的一项重要任务,就是要针对金融体系的顺周期性,特别是对资本监管、贷款损失准备计提和公允价值会计准则等外部规则强化金融体系顺周期性的机理进行研究,一方面对这些规则进行修改完善,降低其顺周期效应;另一方面引入逆周期政策工具,如逆周期资本要求、杠杆率指标和前瞻性的拨备计提规则等,在金融体系中建立适当的逆周期机制,从而通过降低信贷活动、资产价格以及整个经济的周期性波动来减小金融失衡,缓解系统性风险,最终达到维护金融稳定的目标。     

构建完善的金融体系 防范与化解金融风险

如何建立一个既能防范化解金融风险、又能支持经济增长的高效率的金融体系，是目前中国经济金融领域面临的一个重要问题。本文首先对此问题进行了理论探讨；之后，对中国金融业当前存在的主要问题进行了分析与总结；最后，从银行业的改革与完善、分业经营向混业经营的转变、商业银行不良资产的化解、存款保险制度的建立、中央银行金融风险防范预警系统的建立等方面对这一问题进行了论述。     

Tax Amnesties and Income Tax Compliance: The Case of Spain

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the long‐term impact on Spanish individual income tax (IRPF) compliance of the amnesty measures granted in 1991 within the framework of the 1988–91 income tax reform programme. To that end, we combine time‐series techniques with outlier detection methods and the Bai and Perron (1998) test for the endogenous estimation of structural breaks. On the basis of the analysis of the monthly IRPF tax collection series from 1979 to 1998, we find that the amnesty had no effect on tax collection in either the short or the long term. By contrast, we find evidence of the permanent positive impact caused by the legislative and administrative measures linked to the IRPF reform process begun in 1988.     

Earnings Quality in a Bubble Period: The Case of Construction Activity Firms in Spain

Housing bubbles may result in deep crises that affect all economic systems. This study investigates how the recent housing bubble in Spain has affected earnings quality during the whole bubble. To this end, we use data on mostly private construction activity firms in Spain, that is, construction and real estate companies. Earnings quality is studied by means of the predictive ability of earnings, conservatism, discretionary accruals and real earnings management. The results indicate a progressive decrease in the quality of financial reporting as the bubble develops, as managers try to conceal an underlying downward trend. We further show that earnings quality continues to decline even after the bubble bursts. Overall, this contribution, together with those of other environments, may suggest that, in a bubble context, we have to take care of firms’ earnings quality even some years before the crisis comes to the fore.     

Organizational change and accounting: the gunpowder monopoly in New Spain, 1757-87

The Viceroyalty of New Spain was the main source of income for the Spanish Crown and the largest producer of silver in the world throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Carlos III, a member of the Bourbon dynasty, initiated a great tax reform in the viceroyalty during the last third of the eighteenth century, and transferred public activities and leased monopolies were brought under direct state control. This paper focuses on the study of the specific change in the system of administering the gunpowder monopoly in 1766. Institutional sociology provides the theoretical framework for analysing the effects of institutionalized environments on the organizational structure and its expression through a process of bureaucratization as a mean of establishing organizational rationality. The role of accounting in the process of organizational change is analysed from a multidimensional perspective: on the one hand, as an aspect of the organizational structure which enables the improvement of the economic performance of the monopoly and to generate organizational visibility; and, on the other hand, as an element under the control of the creator of environmental rationality.     

保险业顺周期性与逆周期监管:理论、形成机制与应对策略

本文着重研究了保险业顺周期性的形成机制,提出保险业逆周期监管的一些政策建议,主要包括:对保险业承保业务、准备金计提规则、公允价值会计准则、偿付能力中资本要求和薪酬激励机制等的逆周期监管等.     

Financing Public Goods with Income Taxation: Provision Rules vs. Provision Level

Due to the use of distortionary taxation, many believe that real-world economies should attain a lower level of public expenditures than in a situation where lump-sum taxes are available. The present paper examines this hypothesis by means of the two-type self-selection model of income taxation. Based on the findings of Boadway and Keen (1993), I provide sufficient conditions for both a lower and a higher level of public expenditures in second best than in first best. In particular, it is shown that the separability assumption of Christiansen (1981) leads to under-provision of the public good in the income tax optimum.     

分部信息披露:经验证据与未来展望

分部信息的强制性披露一直是研究的热点问题之一.围绕着分部信息的披露全面而系统地综述了国外关于该问题的研究成果,研究表明其研究视角主要关注于本国研究,较少设计分部信息有关的国际比较(即横向比较),另外对于业务分部研究较多而对于地理分部的分析较为单薄.在以后的研究中有必要进行分部信息的国际比较研究和地理分部的研究,以推动该领域的研究进程.