甘肃农民工就业问题探析

甘肃是欠发达地区的农业省,农村劳动力严重过剩,农民的文化技能水平偏低,非农就业困难重重.本文从甘肃省农民工就业的规模、行业、地区以及金融危机对农民工就业的影响等入手,分析农民工就业的现状和存在的问题,并提出政策建议.     

农民工市民化的城市化困境及其战略选择

城市化是市民化的舞台和载体,是市民化的依托条件;市民化是城市化的结果和目的,是城市化的核心内容。农民工市民化的实现,不仅取决于城市化发展水平,而且依赖于城市所能提供和创造的就业机会及发展空间大小。但是,目前农民工市民化却面临城市化发展的低水平、城市就业扩张力度不足、城市容量有限等城市化发展困境的制约。只有对城市化发展战略进行审视和选择,培育城市的主导产业,培育有劳动力集聚效应的非正规经济部门的发展,进行城市基础设施建设以发挥城市的聚集效应和规模效应,才能加快农民工市民化进程。     

对农民工工作满意度的影响因素的研究

农民工,是有农村户口,有承包土地,但离开户籍所在地,主要从事非农产业的人员.据官方调查,我国农民工的数量为两亿,占全国13亿人口的15％还多.虽然农民工进城务工是城市化的表现,作为一个惯性推动的效果,越来越多的农民工选择放下自己的土地而到城市中寻求一份可以谋生的工作.农民工群体的普遍文化程度较低,受技术限制,工资水平偏低等情况,使其大多在报酬较低的产业部门(如居民服务业,建筑业等所需技术含量低的劳动密集型企业)就业.与此同时,近年来不断涌现出了关于农民工的各种社会热点问题(农民工工作环境差,工资低,社会保障少等).     

开展农民工法制教育 完善农民工法律援助

随着农民工的数量不断增大,欠薪事件、农民工人格受辱、工伤得不到合理救治等问题屡屡出现,农民工权益受损以及引发的其他社会问题越来越突出。2006年,辽宁省政府出台《关于解决农民工问题的实施意见》,就解决农民工工资偏低和拖欠问题、用工管理、就业服务和培训、社会保障、公共服务、     

论新生代农民工的“边缘化”困境及其出路

改革开放30多年,中国农民工已经悄然更新换代。随着时间的推移,新生代农民工的人数越来越多,成为新型产业工人阶层的主体部分,他们在城市化发展中扮演着着日益重要的角色。然而由于城乡二元体制的影响、就业领域的限制、权益保障不健全、受教育程度相对不高、社会关系网络资源不足等各种因素的影响,新生代农民工在就业模式、政治生活、文化娱乐、社会交往等方面陷入"边缘化"困境,这对我国统筹城乡经济社会的发展产生不利影响。因此,探寻新生代农民工"边缘化"的出路具有重要的现实意义。     

农民工面临的问题和发展趋势

农民工问题将伴随着城市化和现代化发展在一个相当长的时期内存在。必须对当前和今后一个时期内浙江农民工转移、培训、就业、保障等有一个全面评估．以正确把握好未来几年农民工发展趋势[编者按]     

我国城市化面临的严峻挑战——“半城市化”

改革开放以来,我国蓬勃发展的城市化,是在城乡二元结构体制还没有被彻底破除的背景下推进的。虽然已有近2亿农村人口在各类城市就业和生活,但却不可能与普通市民一样,享受同等权利、机会和待遇。这就决定了我围的城市化,必须分为两个阶段：第一阶段,是农民转变为进城打一的农民工;第二阶段,是农民工转变为市民,即实现农民工市民化。农民工是城乡二元结构体制在城市的缩影。我国的城市化因此面临着如何面对“半城市化”所带来的挑战。     

关于农民工法律地位的思考

农民工是我国城乡二元体制下城市化和产业化的必然产物.农民工作为弱势群体,在就业、工资、住房、教育、培训、医疗、保险和司法等方面遭受着种种不公正待遇.要解决农民工问题,首先必须确立农民工的法律主体地位,对其予以完善的法律保障,才能真正保护农民工的合法权益,促进社会经济发展,维护社会公平正义,保持社会和谐稳定.     

我国返乡农民工创业与就业若干宏观问题探讨

从宏观层面看,我国返乡农民工就业的问题涉及到城镇化建设用地与城市化建设用地的平衡问题、发展面向农民工培训的半工半读式职业技术学校问题、关于农村抵押贷款的部分障碍问题、关于农民工的失业保险模式问题等。     

“半城市化”背景下农民工社会救助的政策设计与推进策略

我国农民工正处于"半城市化"阶段已经成为学术界普遍的共识。"半城市化"背景下,农民工在就业、医疗、住房等领域遭受着诸多不公平待遇,究其原因,主要在于城乡二元分割的户籍制度、宏观立法上的缺陷、农民工自身权利意识淡薄等方面。因此,从发展型政策理念和积极福利的理念出发,综合政府、社会组织、农民工自身三大力量,探索一条促使我国城乡社会救助制度相衔接,维护广大农民工群体基本权益的新型社会救助制度成为今后维护社会主义社会公正、公平,实现完整意义上农民工市民化的必然选择。     

Income Strategies Among Rural Households in Mexico: The Role of Off-farm Activities

Off-farm activities generate on average more than half of farm households' incomes in the Mexican ejido sector. Participation in these activities helps reduce poverty and contributes to greater equality in the distribution of income. This paper analyzes the determinants of access to off-farm sources of income across households. We find that education plays a major role in accessing better remunerated nonagricultural employment. Adults of indigenous ethnic origin suffer from an educational lag and have less access to off-farm nonagricultural employment than non-indigenous adults at identical educational levels. The regional availability of off-farm employment strongly affects participation. In addition, women are differentially limited by distance to urban centers in their ability to gain off-farm employment.     

The bittersweet fruits of industrialization in rural China: The cost of environment and the benefit from off-farm employment

While it is widely accepted that industrialization has brought both environmental pollution and economic growth in rural areas of China, very little is known about whether the negative effects of industrial pollution on rural residents have been proportionally offset by positive effects due to improvements in off-farm income. This paper improves our understanding of these tradeoffs by conducting an empirical analysis based on a set of nationwide panel data collected in 2008 and 2012 and covering five provinces, 101 villages, and 2020 households. Evidence is found to suggest that it is not always the case that rural households that are affected by pollution reap the off-farm employment benefits associated with industrialization. Specifically, although industrial pollution incidence is found to be positively related with the level of local off-farm employment, this relationship is statistically insignificant when migrant labor is included. It can be explained as areas that less economically benefited from industrialization tent to have more labors migrated out and the average annual wage income of one migrant labor is much higher than that of local off-farm labor.     

The role of off-farm employment in the rural energy consumption transition — A village-level analysis in Jiangxi Province, China

Energy consumption in rural areas in China is characterized by high consumption of fuelwood, straw and other biomass. Off-farm employment can play an important role in the transition towards more sustainable sources of energy by increasing rural household incomes and reducing the amount of labor available for biomass collection. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of off-farm employment on rural household energy consumption choices, and to disentangle the various causal relationships that play a role in this respect. To this end, a hybrid farm household/village computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is used that has been calibrated for a remote village in Northeast Jiangxi Province where fuelwood is the main source of energy. The model takes into account nonseparability of farm household production and consumption decisions as well as linkages within the village between households involved in off-farm employment and households with no members working off-farm. Contrary to previous research for a richer region in rural China, we find that fuelwood is not an inferior good. The positive impact of more food consumption on fuelwood collection more than compensates the higher leisure demand associated with higher incomes. Shifts in production activities and in prices on village factor markets caused by increased labour scarcity (the lost-labour effect of off-farm employment), on the other hand, cause a reduction in fuelwood collection and consumption. This lost-labour effect is much stronger for migration than for local off-farm employment, because the latter can more easily be combined with on-farm work and fuelwood collection. For local off-farm employment the income effect dominates the lost-labour effect, resulting in a positive overall impact of higher off-farm participation on fuelwood consumption. For migration, on the other hand, the income effect and the lost-labour effect are almost equal in size. Hence, the amount of fuelwood collected and consumed does not change much when households participate in migration. The final conclusion is therefore that increased off-farm employment opportunities do not promote the transition of rural energy use in the poorer regions of rural China.     

我国农民工养老保险制度公平性问题研究

农民工已经成为我国经济增长和社会繁荣的巨大力量,在一定时期内,农民工数量仍将不断扩大。农民工养老保险问题成为顺利推进社会保障改革"三步走战略"的重要内容,也是检验我国养老保险制度改革成效的"试金石"。目前,我国农民工养老保险大部分以地方性法规形式存在。这些地方性法规通常很难完全反映各地农民工对养老保险实践的需求,加之体制惯性对于农民工参保权益的自动排斥和抵触,使得农民工很难得到公平参保待遇,往往被边缘化。     

河南工业化城镇化发展与农民收入增长的实证分析

工业化、城镇化发展水平是影响农民收入增长的主要因素,从工业化、城镇化与农民收入增长正相关的假定入手,利用1978—2009年河南省工业化水平、城镇化率、非农产业就业比重和农民人均纯收入增长率等相关指标数据,在对工业化和城镇化进程中的农民收入增长进行描述性分析的基础上,运用协整分析、向量误差修正(VECM)模型、Granger因果检验及方差分解等动态分析方法,对河南工业化、城镇化发展与农民收入增长之间的动态相关性进行了严谨的实证分析。研究结论可作为推进河南工业化、城镇化发展和提高农民收入的政策性建议。     

Does off-farm employment contribute to agriculture-based environmental pollution? New insights from a village-level analysis in Jiangxi Province, China

This study examines the conventional wisdom that off-farm employment contributes to environmental pollution by increasing the use of agro-chemicals. In order to analyse the role of household decision making and village factor markets in more detail, we run simulations with a hybrid farm household/village computable general equilibrium model that is applied to a village in Northeast Jiangxi Province. We find that the negative lost-labour effect of off-farm employment on agricultural incomes is much stronger than the (small) positive income effect. As a result of reduced labour resources and increased leisure consumption, farm households reduce the intensity of rice cultivation as well as the production of (especially) cash crops. The shift in production activities is stronger for migration than for off-farm employment, because migrants cannot combine off-farm work with onfarm work, and because migration reduces the village market price of oxen services. The shift towards less intensive rice production means that off-farm employment (and migration in particular) reduces the levels of chemical inputs and manure used in agricultural production. The decline in fertilizer input is much larger than the decline in manure use, because manure is a nontradable commodity and is applied only once per year. We therefore conclude that migration and, to a lesser extent, local off-farm employment lead to lower incomes from agricultural production, but have benign effects on environmental quality.     

THE CHANGING ROLE OF NON-FARM ACTIVITIES IN AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN INDONESIA: SOME INSIGHTS FROM THE AGRICULTURAL CENSUSES

The literature on off-farm sources of income in rural areas of developing countries continues to grow. This paper uses data from the household income surveys carried out as part of the 1983 and 1993 agricultural censuses to explore aspects of the changing role of off-farm income sources for agricultural households in different parts of Indonesia. The paper examines variations in the ratio of off-farm to total agricultural household income by holding size, by total household income class and by province. It also examines the linkages between on-farm and off-farm income growth. Comparisons are made with findings from other parts of Asia and elsewhere in the developing world.     

城镇化中的社会保障制度建设：来自拉美国家的教训

拉美国家在历史上出现过经济高速增长和快速城市化的阶段,但是经济增长并没有解决贫困现象和缩小收入差距,出现了“增长性贫困”现象,而收入悬殊限制了经济的进一步增长。社保制度存在缺陷是导致拉美国家增长性贫困的主要原因之一：社保制度严重滞后于城市化进程,住房和就业困难,非正式就业较为普遍;养老保险计划的覆盖面较低,收入再分配难以进行;养老金管理成本居高不下,导致养老保险扩面难;社会保险与社会救助的比重失调,中产阶级成为社会保障制度的最大受益者;社保和教育机会的缺失,造成代际贫困的恶性循环。拉美国家这些教训为我国社保制度的完善提供了很好的借鉴。     

The Determinants of Nonfarm Income Diversification in Rural Peru

This paper shows that in Peruvian rural areas, there has been substantial growth over the past decade in household employment outside of own-farming. At present 51% of the net income of rural households comes from these off-farm activities, and thus they certainly cannot be considered as “marginal.” The reasons households diversify their incomes are several. Access to public assets such as roads and private assets such as education and credit is an important factor in diversification. Increasing access to these assets will help rural households to increase their self-employment as well as wage employment in the nonfarm sector.     

Land rental market, off-farm employment and agricultural production in Southeast China: A plot-level case study

This paper performs a plot-level analysis of the impact of land rental market participation and off-farm employment on land investment, input use, and rice yields for 215 plots cultivated by 52 households in three villages in Northeast Jiangxi Province. Our findings show that households that rent extra land are relatively more productive, but contradict results of earlier studies which found that tenure status of plots affects the level of land investments. We further find that off-farm employment does not significantly affect rice yields. This result contradicts those of earlier studies which found that the negative lost-labor effect of off-farm employment dominates the positive income effect. Another novel finding is that people working locally off-farm tend to switch from green manure planting towards the use of organic manure on their rice plots. We conclude that policies that will further stimulate the development of land rental markets, which is still in its infancy, can contribute significantly to higher rice production in Southeast China. Another implication of our results is that worries about the negative impact that the continuously growing off-farm employment may have on China's goal to remain self-sufficient in grain production are less relevant at the moment for the region examined in our study.