山西省AAA级乡村旅游示范村空间分布特征及影响因素研究

选取山西省100个AAA级乡村旅游示范村为研究对象,借助ArcGIS10.2空间分析工具,运用最邻近点指数、地理集中指数、核密度分析,研究AAA级乡村旅游示范村的空间分布特征及影响因素。研究结果表明,山西省AAA级乡村旅游示范村呈现集聚型分布,省域内分布不均衡,表现出明显的空间分布差异。研究发现,影响山西省AAA级乡村旅游示范村空间分布的因素主要有地形、水文、交通、人口、经济发展水平、中心城市辐射效应及政策等。建议通过与中心城市联动发展、完善基础设施建设、加强旅游就业人员培训等措施,实现山西乡村旅游示范村可持续发展。     

杭州乡村旅游地空间布局特征与优化路径研究

[目的]为了解杭州市乡村旅游地的空间分布情况及其发展规律,以期为制定其发展策略及优化空间发展格局提供一定借鉴。[方法]以杭州市28处重要乡村旅游地为研究对象,根据收集到的杭州市乡村旅游地的相关资料,运用旅游地理学及Arc GIS、Google Earth空间分析工具,采用最邻近指数、地理集中指数、基尼系数、通达度指数、紧密度指数对杭州市乡村旅游地的空间分布特征进行分析。[结果](1)最邻近指数R=0.651,杭州乡村旅游地在全市范围内呈集聚型分布;(2)从区(县)尺度来看,乡村旅游地的集聚分布较为明显,主要分布在萧山、余杭;基尼系数G=0.804,杭州市乡村旅游地在杭州13个区(县)中的分布较为集中,地区间发展不均衡;(3)平均通达度指数为74.05km,整体通达度状况良好;(4)紧密度指数C=0.55,表明紧密程度处于一般水平。[结论]根据分析结果提出了优化路径,促进其良好均衡发展,形成良好的空间分布格局,并为同类乡村旅游地建设和发展提供借鉴。     

河南省传统村落空间分布特征及影响因素研究

[目的]分析河南省传统村落的空间分布特征及其影响因素,以期为中原地区传统村落的建设发展提供指导。[方法]文章通过谷歌地理信息系统及Arc GIS10. 2软件对河南省124个国家级传统村落的空间分布类型、分布格局、分布均衡型及影响因素进行分析,采用最邻近距离法、核密度估计法及地理集中程度等方法揭示其空间分布特征及其形成的影响因素。[结果]最邻近距离法分析R=0. 628,小于1,分布类型为凝聚型。核密度分析中,整体空间分布呈现3个核心区域,平顶山东北区域,豫西北沿省边界呈带状分布及豫南信阳南部,空间分布受地理、经济和文化等因素影响。[结论]河南省传统村落的空间分布属凝聚型不均衡分布。从地级市层面上分析,主要集中在平顶山东部、信阳南部和三门峡地区;从分区层面上,以豫中较多,豫北、豫西和豫南其次,豫东基本空白。形成原因与地理高程、社会经济和历史事件有关。交通不便、经济相对发达或相对落后、历史事件少发的区域,传统村落保存较为完整。     

西北地区休闲农业空间格局及潜力分析*——以甘肃省为例

[目的]休闲农业是农业现代化的一个重要形态,也是衡量农业发展水平的重要指标,通过研究甘肃省休闲农业的分布格局,为西北地区休闲农业的优化发展提供参考。[方法]文章以甘肃省14个市(州)为研究对象,采用最近邻点指数、集中指数模型、核密度模型等方法研究甘肃省休闲农业的空间分布特征,利用相关性分析研究影响休闲农业分布的因素,最后用模糊计分法计算14个市(州)的休闲农业发展潜力指数。[结果]通过最近邻点指数和集中指数模型,计算得到甘肃省整体休闲农业最近邻点指数N为0.0824,集中指数G大于平均值,结果表明休闲农业呈凝聚分布,分布比较集中。通过核密度分析发现甘肃省休闲农业的分布存在多个密集区,均是以城市为中心向四周辐射。潜力指数分析结果显示平凉市的发展潜力最大,潜力指数为7.8469;甘南州的发展潜力最小,潜力指数为4.5832。[结论]甘肃省休闲农业类型丰富,但发展不均衡,休闲农业的分布呈现出以城市为中心向周围辐射的凝聚分布,其中平凉市休闲农业的发展潜力最大,甘南州发展潜力最小,建议政府发挥核心的带动作用,促进落后地区的农业发展。     

多尺度下中国休闲乡村空间分布特征及其影响因素研究

[目的]中国最美休闲乡村示范点的确立为乡村旅游增添了新的旅游吸引形式,基于各种示范点的乡村旅游,成为新时期我国农村经济实现转型的重要途径之一。通过对中国最美休闲乡村示范点的研究,以期为各省市休闲旅游可持续发展提供借鉴。[方法]文章利用ArcGIS10.2,使用最邻近距离法、不均衡指数、核密度分析、全局莫兰指数等方法,多尺度视角下对220个中国最美休闲乡村示范点的空间分布特征及影响因素进行分析。[结果](1)示范点空间分布不均衡,呈聚集分布状态;(2)示范点空间分布密度存在明显差异,示范点主要分布在省会城市周围,以长三角、京津冀地区分布密度最高,珠三角、闽东南等地次之;(3)无论省域尺度还是县域尺度,示范点的空间分布均具有正自相关性,表明示范点分布在空间上存在依赖性;(4)示范点的空间分布主要受到旅游资源禀赋、区域交通、客源市场、经济发展等因素影响。[结论]中国最美休闲乡村示范点空间分布不均衡,各省市应突出差异竞争,加强区域合作,突出核心区域辐射周边的效应,实现休闲乡村旅游资源空间格局上的优化。     

基于ArcGIS和GD的辽宁省国家地理标志农产品空间分异探究

[目的]地理标志农产品发展可以促进传统农业向现代农业转型,由于其本身包含重要的地理信息,因此有必要分析地理标志农产品的空间分布及其影响因素。[方法]文章运用地理集中指数、最邻近指数与核密度估计空间统计分析、地理探测器模型,针对辽宁省不同地级市及不同类型地理标志农产品的空间分布及其影响因素进行深入分析,基于此,提出具有区域特色的辽宁省现代农业发展建议。[结果]辽宁省地理标志农产品的空间格局差异显著。粮食类地理标志农产品呈分散分布,果品类、水产动物类、蔬菜类呈集聚分布,具有单热点或双热点特征。自然因素决定了地理标志农产品的空间分布格局,而人口与经济因素起到了辅助的作用。[结论]辽宁省各地应加大资金和政府扶持力度,因地制宜制定培育相关地理标志的计划,以期利用具有地域特色的农产品为当地农民增收创收,为乡村振兴发展助力。     

黑龙江省森林康养资源空间分布研究

本文以黑龙江省131处森林康养旅游目的地为研究对象,运用最邻近指数、地理集中指数、不平衡指数、核密度分析、皮尔逊相关性分析等方法,分析得出黑龙江省森林康养资源空间分布类型为凝聚型且均衡性较低,核密度呈“南北双核、小核散布”分布特征。影响因素中,自然因素包括地形和森林资源,与黑龙江省森林康养旅游目的地的空间分布存在紧密关联;人文因素中,林业产业产值对资源分布的影响最大,其次是人均旅游收入。对此提出建议,以期为黑龙江省森林康养产业空间布局和高质量发展提供参考借鉴。     

甘肃省乡村旅游示范村与A级旅游景区空间协同发展研究

[目的]文章旨在探讨甘肃省乡村旅游示范村与A级旅游景区的空间协同关系及其发展现状,从交通和旅游经济发展要素两个方面发现问题,并提出空间协同发展的优化措施,以期为本地区旅游业的高质量发展提供一种新思路和新路径。[方法]文章以甘肃省206个乡村旅游示范村和358个A级旅游景区为研究对象,首先分析了乡村旅游示范村与A级旅游景区的空间协同发展的意义与机理;其次从数量空间、质量空间和空间耦合协调度3个维度分析了二者的空间协同关系;最后运用ArcGIS软件从交通可达性和旅游经济发展要素两方面分析了甘肃省乡村旅游示范村与A级旅游景区协同发展的现状并提出优化措施。[结果]（1）甘肃省乡村旅游示范村与A级旅游景区数量空间关联显著,质量空间关联属于优质协调水平,空间耦合协调水平表现为良好协调。（2）甘肃省14个市州乡村旅游示范村的交通可达性低于A级旅游景区。（3）甘肃省旅游经济要素点整体密度值较低,南北分布差异显著。[结论]（1）加快区域内游客集散中心建设。（2）在旅游资源拟合程度较好的区域发展高等级道路。（3）在乡村旅游示范村和A级旅游景区拟合较好的区域,加强旅游基础设施建设。     

基于旅游资源的农村反贫困空间分布格局研究

[目的]通过研究云南省乌蒙山片区农村反贫困旅游资源的分布情况,分析其空间布局和影响因素,为云南省农村反贫困工作提供理论依据。[方法]文章以云南省乌蒙山片区内15个贫困县为研究对象,采用最近邻指数模型、集中度模型和分布密度模型等方法分析该片区农村反贫困旅游资源的空间分布。[结果]结构类型分析结果表明该片区内旅游类型较为丰富,但旅游扶贫重点村的数目很少,旅游反贫困还处在初级阶段。空间分布类型分析结果从整体上看接近随机分布,但是自然保护区类和乡村旅游示范点呈凝聚型分布。空间均衡度的分析结果表明旅游资源整体分布较集中,具有资源集聚的优势。通过空间分布密度分析,发现该片区北部和西南部的资源分布密度大,密度最大的区域为绥江县和武定县。[结论]云南省乌蒙山片区农村反贫困旅游资源空间分布不均,但具有集聚的优势,应该积极利用资源优势和地理条件,在政策引导下丰富旅游资源的类型,加强各区域之间资源的共享,实现农村反贫困旅游资源在空间格局中的优化。     

河南省乡村旅游地空间分布与影响因素研究

[目的]通过测度河南省乡村旅游地的地理集聚状况、地理联系程度、发展等级分异,以准确把握河南省乡村旅游地的空间分布特征及其影响因素。[方法]选取河南省18个地级市的259个乡村旅游特色村、100个休闲观光园区、82个生态旅游示范镇为研究样本,结合数学计量方法和GIS技术,综合运用基尼指数、地理集中指数、地理联系率、核密度估计值、乡村旅游等级发展指数,对河南省乡村旅游地的空间分布特征和影响因素进行定量分析。[结果](1)河南省的乡村旅游地类型丰富,按所占比例依次为山地景区旅游带、过渡区旅游带、市区边缘旅游带、小规模旅游带4种类型。(2)河南省乡村旅游地空间分布趋于集聚,总体呈现出中西北部密集,东南部稀松的分布特征,地区间发展分异明显,且乡村旅游地与地区经济、人口要素匹配性高。(3)河南省乡村旅游发展模式为多核心带动型,发展等级豫北最高,豫中次之,豫南和豫西居于中间,豫东因缺少核心带动城市而成为全省低谷地区。(4)人均GDP、人口密度、城乡人口结构、国家景区依托、公路铁路干道交通、自然资源条件是影响乡村旅游地空间分布的主要因素。[结论]河南省乡村旅游地空间集聚程度高,且与国家A级景区分布高度吻合,应注重打造乡村旅游与A级景区建设的协调发展机制,打造"大旅游"片区;同时高集聚分布也代表着乡村旅游地发展等级空间分异明显,应围绕豫东、豫南打造核心城市,以弥补发展短板。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.