农业地理集聚对农业机械化技术进步的影响——基于丘陵山区的实证分析

[目的]通过分析农业地理集聚对丘陵山区农业机械化技术进步的影响,为促进丘陵山区农业机械化技术进步提供政策建议。[方法]采用区位商法对丘陵山区农业地理集聚度进行了测算,基于动态面板数据模型分析了农业地理集聚对丘陵山区农业机械化技术进步的影响。[结果]丘陵山区农业地理集聚度逐步提升,而农业机械化技术水平具有显著的跨期相关性,农业地理集聚是促进丘陵山区农业机械化技术进步的重要因素。[结论]要深入推进丘陵山区农业供给侧结构性改革,以市场需求为导向,不断调整种植业内部结构,扩大优势特色产业种植规模,进一步提升农业地理集聚度;要着力构建丘陵山区农业机械化投入的长效机制,不断加大对丘陵山区农业机械技术的研发推广和培训投入力度;要积极引导丘陵山区闲置土地向特色优势产业流转,积极鼓励丘陵山区受教育程度较高的农户从事农业机械化生产经营。     

基于Logistic及文本分析的华北地下水漏斗区农户种植马铃薯意愿研究

[目的]对华北地下水漏斗区-河北地区的农户种植马铃薯的意愿及其影响因素,以及农户生产种植中遇到的问题进行定量与定性分析。[方法]基于149家马铃薯种植户的问卷调查,运用Logistic与文本分析方法进行研究。[结果]经定量分析表明,农业人口占家庭人口的比例、单位面积投入、土地使用情况、资金使用情况、马铃薯种植年限、单位面积产量以及销售渠道等这7个因素对农户种植马铃薯的意愿产生显著性影响;经文本分析发现,农户急切需要得到政府的帮助,特别是生产种植技术、补贴政策、机械化程度以及销售渠道等方面的援助。[结论]农业人口占家庭人口的比例越高,单位面积投入越高,土地使用以及资金使用越高,则农户种植马铃薯的意愿就越低;马铃薯种植年限越高,单位面积产量越高以及销售畅通,农户种植马铃薯的意愿就越高;农户的基本情况如农民的年龄与文化程度、家庭收入特征、用水情况、培训以及补贴状况等因素对马铃薯种植意愿的影响并不明显。     

农户过量施肥风险认知及环境友好型技术采纳行为的影响因素分析*——基于四川省380个柑橘种植户的调查

[目的]化肥过量使用造成的污染,已成为制约我国农业和农村可持续发展的重要因素,如何科学合理施肥,提高化肥利用效率已成为我国急需解决的问题。[方法]文章利用四川省12个区县380户柑橘种植户的实地调研数据,运用双变量Probit模型分析柑橘种植户过量施肥风险认知与环境友好型技术采纳行为的影响因素。[结果]柑橘种植农户对过量施肥风险的认知和测土配方技术采纳行为之间存在相关性;文化程度高、柑橘种植收入占家庭总收入的比例大、种植面积大、种植年限长、对"三品"农产品的认知水平高和接受过技术培训的柑橘农户,对过量施肥风险存在一定的认知;在具备上述特征的基础上,外出务工劳动力占比低的农户和新型经营主体更愿意采纳测土配方施肥技术。[结论]通过校地合作、"三品"认证、市场规范、制定生产标准等措施,提高柑橘种植户过量施肥风险认知,促使测土配方施肥技术的采纳,合理施肥,提高化肥利用率,促进我国农业可持续发展。     

我国丘陵山区农机化水平影响因素及区划研究*——基于全国丘陵山区238个县（市）的调研数据

[目的]通过对全国丘陵山区县(市)与农机化有关的社会、经济和自然条件等因素进行调研所获取的238个有效样本进行分析,研究影响我国丘陵山区农机化水平的因素及其贡献,进而对我国丘陵山区进行区域划分。[方法]运用线性回归法对影响丘陵山区农机化水平的影响因素进行分析,进而对农机化水平产生显著影响的因素进行聚类分析。[结果]国内生产总值、农业劳动力数量对农机化水平产生极显著影响,耕地禀赋条件、务工工资、耕地规模、农机合作社数量和农机推广人员数量对农机化水平产生显著影响。对我国丘陵山区农机化水平呈正相关关系的因素有国内生产总值、务工工资、耕地规模、农机合作社数量,呈负相关的因素有耕地禀赋条件、农业劳动力数量、农机推广人员数量和农机化水平。[结论]我国可丘陵山区划分为中西、东南部地区,北部地区和东部沿海地区3大类地区。     

马铃薯病虫害发生规律认知水平影响因素分析*——基于甘肃省362位马铃薯种植户的调查数据

[目的]种植户作为病虫害防治的主体,对病虫害发生规律的认知程度关系病虫害是否能得到有效防控。在大力推进农村教育和适度规模经营的背景下,研究我国马铃薯种植户的受教育程度与种植规模对病虫害发生规律认知的影响有重要的现实意义。[方法]基于甘肃省马铃薯之乡——定西市3县24村的362位马铃薯种植户问卷调查数据,通过多元有序Probit模型对农户都不了解病害和虫害发生规律、仅了解病害或虫害发生规律、都了解病害和虫害发生规律等3种认知情况进行分析。[结果]受教育程度和种植规模均对种植户的病虫害发生规律认知产生正向显著的影响,与种植规模相比,受教育程度更明显地促进种植户对病虫害发生规律的认知。[结论]提高种植户的教育文化水平以及推动马铃薯适度规模化种植可能是提高对病虫害发生规律认知的有效途径。     

农户对农机社会化服务的选择研究——基于8省份小麦种植户的问卷调查

本文通过对8省份的问卷调查,就小麦种植户的农机社会化服务选择进行了分析,发现社会化服务已成为大多数小麦种植户农机作业的首选,且东部地区小麦种植户的农机社会化服务水平高于中西部,平原地带高于丘陵和山区,高收入农户高于中低收入农户。进一步运用Logit模型考察小麦种植户农机社会化服务选择的影响因素结果表明,服务价格、种植面积、地块面积、地貌特征、户主的年龄与健康、家庭劳动力数量、离乡镇政府的距离和从事农业的目的等因素都对小麦种植户的农机社会化服务选择产生显著影响。     

山东省苹果种植面积的时空演变特征分析

[目的]利用1978~2015年山东省苹果种植相关数据,实证分析山东省苹果种植面积的时空演变规律及其内在影响因素。[方法]从省域、区域、地市层面分析山东省苹果种植面积的时空演变规律,并运用多元线性回归模型实证分析山东省苹果种植面积变动的具体影响因素。[结果]山东省苹果种植面积从1978年的18.330万hm~2增至2015年的29.968万hm~2,总体增加,并以1995年为拐点先增后减,呈"倒U"形分布。从区域层面看,胶东半岛苹果种植面积稳步增加,泰沂山区、鲁西鲁北平原苹果种植面积持续萎缩,直接导致山东省苹果种植面积的不断减少和苹果主产区向胶东半岛的迁移。从地市层面看,山东省17地市中仅有胶东半岛的烟台、威海两地市苹果种植面积有所增加,其余15地市苹果种植面积均有不同程度的减少。说明山东省苹果主产区呈东进西退、北进南退的变迁特征。[结论]山东省苹果种植面积变动是资源禀赋、种植成本、种植业内部比较效益、种植传统和种植惯性、非农就业机会、非农就业收入、国家政策、地区政策、技术进步等众多因素共同作用的结果。基础设施条件、种植传统和种植惯性、非农就业机会、非农就业收入、地区政策的影响更为显著。其中,种植传统与种植惯性、地区政策对山东省苹果种植面积产生显著正向影响;非农就业机会和非农就业收入产生显著负向影响;基础设施条件向耕地的倾斜也产生显著不利影响。而种植成本、种植比较效益、国家政策、技术进步等因素的影响并不显著。     

新疆棉区生产方式大改变

<正>新疆生产建设兵团第五师八十九集团是北疆地区重要的棉花种植区,该团年种植棉花面积10万余亩,种植方式正在由过去的传统模式向科学种植迈进,膜下高压滴管、精量播种、机械化采收等先进的植棉、收获方式让棉区种植户种植棉花的信心增强。     

农机社会化服务对农业劳动生产率的影响研究

[目的]农业劳动生产率的提高是中国农业现代化的重要特征,进一步探讨农机社会化服务对农业劳动生产率的作用效果具有现实意义。[方法]文章基于2019年全国13省份玉米种植户调查数据,采用OLS回归模型与倾向得分匹配法,分析了农机社会化服务对农业劳动生产率的影响效应,探讨影响效应在不同地形条件、兼业程度的组群差异,并考察了不同环节农机社会化服务对农业劳动生产率的影响差异。[结果]（1）农机社会化服务正向显著影响农业劳动生产率,采纳农机社会化服务会促使农户农业劳动生产率显著提高18.8%。但农户采纳农机社会化服务的作用效果具有环节异质性。采纳耕整地、播种、灌溉排水和收获环节农机社会化服务会促使农户农业劳动生产率分别显著提高21.2%、17.4%、22.9%和18.3%;(2)而农户采纳植保环节农机社会化服务对农业劳动生产率并不具有显著影响。农户采纳农机社会化服务对劳动生产率的影响效应还存在禀赋差异,平地农户采纳农机社会化服务使其农业劳动生产率显著提高21.9%,而坡地山地农户采纳农机社会化服务对农业劳动生产率没有表现出显著的影响。（3）纯农业户与兼业农户采纳农机社会化服务都会对农业劳动生产率产...     

机械化水平对农户种植结构的影响研究*——基于IVGMM和IVTobit的估计方法

[目的]农业种植结构是农业供给侧结构性改革的关键所在,农业供给侧结构性改革又是乡村振兴战略的必由之路。采用农户实地调查数据,分析机械化水平对农户种植总面积、粮食作物种植面积、经济作物种植面积、粮食作物种植面积比例的影响,以期为农业种植结构调整提供科学参考。[方法]为解决传统回归方法中内生性和样本选择偏误问题,运用工具变量法和样本选择修正法探究机械化水平对农户种植结构的实际影响。[结果]机械化水平对农户种植结构有显著的正向影响,机械化水平每提升1%,农户种植总面积增加0.428%,粮食作物种植面积增加0.435%,经济作物种植面积就增加0.111%,粮食作物种植面积比例增加1.104%。[结论]机械化水平对农户种植面积有稳健的正向效应,特别是对农户粮食作物种植面积的正向效应更大。与样本修正后工具变量估计相比,普通最小二乘估计会严重低估机械化水平对种植结构的影响。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.