美国推进农业可持续发展的经验与启示

[目的]通过分析美国农业可持续发展在法律、政策、制度、科技等方面的经验,对我国农业可持续发展提出建议,提升我国农业可持续发展和高质量发展水平。[方法]文章介绍了美国在统筹设计可持续农业法律和政策、建立农业研究教育与推广体系、开展农业水土资源保护与农业废弃物资源利用、企业引领可持续农业技术创新等方面形成的一些农业可持续发展有效的经验做法和模式,分析了美国农业可持续发展现在面临的主要挑战及其应对策略。[结果]美国推进农业可持续发展,重点包括以自然资源为基础的农业生产布局、以土壤质量为重点的耕地地力保护、以水质保护为核心的农业面源污染治理、以循环农业为重点的农业废弃物资源化利用4个方面内容,对我国有积极的借鉴意义。[结论]我国农业已到了绿色生态转型的发展阶段,要系统设计,加强统筹安排、制度创设,推进中国农业可持续发展。     

中国农业绿色发展的概念、内涵与原则

[目的]十八大以来,随着系列绿色发展理念的提出,对我国农业绿色发展的基础问题进行探究具有重要理论和现实意义。[方法]文章基于文献梳理的视角,界定农业绿色发展的概念,阐述农业绿色发展的内涵,提出推进农业绿色发展的原则,为我国农业绿色转型提供指导和借鉴。[结果](1)农业绿色发展是以资源环境承载力为基准,以资源利用节约高效为基本特征,以生态保育为根本要求,以环境友好为内在属性,以绿色产品供给有力为重要目标的人与自然和谐共生的发展新模式;(2)农业绿色发展的范畴涵盖农业布局的绿色化、农业资源利用的绿色化、农业生产手段的绿色化、农业产业链接的绿色化、农产品供给的绿色化、农产品消费的绿色化等"六化"共进;(3)农业绿色发展应遵循因地制宜、分类施策,资源节约、环境友好,产业闭合、绿色主导,创新驱动、科技支撑四大原则。[结论]农业绿色发展是在对我国当前农业生产现状进行深刻反思和对未来农业发展方向进行预判的基础上提出的新的发展模式,是促进农业全面转型升级和高质量发展的国家战略。     

农业绿色发展的内涵与评价研究

[目的]推进农业绿色发展是农业发展观的一场深刻革命,关键在体制机制创新,建立一套适用于全国不同地区农业绿色发展评价的指标体系与评价办法,从而增强各地农业绿色发展责任意识,为推进农业绿色发展提供方向指导和决策参考。[方法]通过对国内外相关研究的梳理分析,对新时代我国农业绿色发展的内涵进行界定,进一步明确农业绿色发展的评价思路。[结果]在此基础上,构建包括4个一级指标、19个二级指标的农业绿色发展定量评价体系与由6个一级指标、15个二级指标构成的农业绿色发展定性评价指标体系,提出了归一化法和标准化系数法等评价方法。[结论]政府要加快建立完善农业绿色发展组织体系、领导干部农业生态资源离任审计以及农业绿色发展考核奖惩制度等制度体系,进一步强化农业生态资源数据采集与统计体系建设,加快更新农业资源环境统计条目,为农业绿色发展评价提供数据支撑。     

畜禽养殖废弃物市场化困境及破解对策*——基于四川邛崃的实践

[目的]畜禽养殖废弃物已成为我国农村环境的首要污染源,但其本身是一项较好的农业资源,环境污染与资源浪费并存,政府和学者们皆提出"市场运作"思想,而当前畜禽养殖废弃物市场化利用水平低、市场化进程慢。通过选取我国畜禽养殖废弃物市场化作为研究对象,探究畜禽养殖废弃物市场化困境,结合四川邛崃的成功实践,提出推进畜禽养殖废弃物市场化的政策建议,实现资源化利用,减少农业面源污染。[方法]文章主要采用规范与实证相结合的方法,以市场经济学理论内容为研究框架,剖析当前畜禽养殖废弃物市场化困境,结合四川邛崃的实证分析提供经验借鉴,并提出政策建议。[结果]畜禽养殖废弃物市场运作面临较大困境:市场主体缺位;相关产品的市场价值低、供求脱节、价格扭曲、市场制度匮乏等,严重制约畜禽养殖废弃物的市场化利用。[结论]面对环境污染与资源浪费的矛盾,畜禽养殖废弃物的市场化是行之有效的途径,但目前其市场化还处于萌芽、摸索阶段,应加强政府引导,科学界定相关环境产权,明确责权利;培育多元化市场参与主体,建立与完善畜禽养殖废弃物市场体系;积极探索多种市场运作模式等,实现畜禽废弃物资源化利用,加快推进面源污染的防治。     

江西省水稻绿色生产的问题与对策研究

[目的]水稻生产是我国长江经济带"生态优先、绿色发展"的重要一环。江西省是我国长江经济带的黄金水稻种植区,其水稻生产具有起源早、历史久,产量高、贡献大,条件优、潜力大等优势特征。[方法]文章以江西省为例,以点带面,通过实地调研和文献资料收集,从水稻种植、效益、品牌、资源、水利、施肥、病虫害、机械化等方面系统分析了江西省水稻生产的状况和面临的问题,并从"绿色发展"的角度提出要构建水稻生产绿色发展体系。[结果]大力推广作物轮作,建立稻田绿色种植制度;控制稻田土壤酸化,修复土壤重金属污染;加快绿色抗性品种培育,提高品种国际竞争力;加快"三品一标"认证,推进绿色品牌建设;加快"一控两减"步伐,促进秸秆综合利用;农业机械绿色低碳化,控制机械化成本。[结论]要努力构建水稻生产绿色发展体系,实现长江经济带水稻绿色发展。     

农用地膜污染合作治理模式及其绩效损失研究

[目的]农用地膜污染防治是推动农业农村污染合作治理、实现农村人居环境持续改善的重要内容,因此系统研究不同主体在农用地膜回收利用工作中行为模式的差异及影响因素,可为全国农用地膜污染治理提供可借鉴的方法和经验。[方法]文章基于农用地膜生命周期污染防治的逻辑链条分析,系统研究了废旧地膜回收过程中的价值生成和绩效损失途径,提出地膜污染防治典型合作模式与治理路径。[结果]废旧地膜回收机制建立初期,政府通过产业政策导向培育环保意识和市场,通过补贴实现企业的规模扩大和持续发展,但会降低企业核心竞争力,造成政府在生产环节的绩效损失。[结论]在典型农用地膜污染治理模式中,政府主导型、混合型模式适合废旧地膜回收机制建立初期,有利于从宏观层面调动市场资源,建立起“生产—回收”的市场内循环机制;在市场内循环机制建立成熟后,一般由政府主导型转为混合型,并在混合型后期逐步过渡为生产者主导型,使得废旧地膜回收利用成为一个非政府主导行为。     

美国农业资源管理的经验与启示

[目的]文章简要介绍了美国农业部有关农业资源管理的机构设置、法律体系、项目措施、资金投入、数据管理5个方面,总结先进的管理经验。[方法]通过文献分析法,再结合我国农业发展和资源管理的现状进行总结分析。[结果]我国目前存在农业资源管理不专业,资源底数不清,浪费严重,科技成果转化率低、数据共享机制不完善等问题。[结论]汲取经验得出启示,规范农业资源的使用和管理,加强资源和环境的保护力度,提高农业发展中的科技投入,促进数据资源的公开与共享,在保障农业生产的同时维护好生态环境,促使经济效益和生态效益共同提升,实现绿色发展。     

县域农业资源承载力评价预警系统构建初探

[目的]建立农业资源承载能力评价预警系统,加快提升农业资源环境管控能力,是调结构转方式、推进农业绿色发展、建设美丽中国的重大举措。[方法]按照绿色发展理念,以"驱动力—压力—状态—影响—响应"(DPSIR)理论为基础构建农业资源承载力理论模型。[结果]以县域耕地和草地为研究对象,提出了基于承载体变化态势的农业资源承载能力评价预警思路;建立了农业资源承载力评价指标与综合集成评价方法、农业资源超载类型和预警等级划分体系;设计了农业资源超载成因解析准则和承载力调控政策创新方向。[结论]基于承载体视角的资源承载力评价预警系统适用于开放的县域农业资源管理;建立健全农业资源监测体系和资源台账,面向评价预警需求长期积累专题数据,突破"数据短板"。     

浙江省循环农业发展模式研究

有效发展循环农业,是促进农业增长方式转变和提高农产品竞争力的重要方式。浙江省在资源、环境的紧缺约束下,把发展高效生态农业作为全省现代农业建设的主攻方向,把发展循环农业作为实现高效生态农业的重要途径。该文在具体介绍当前浙江省循环农业的发展现状和3种主要实践模式的基础上,通过对其模式产生的社会经济特征环境的分析,提出了推进循环农业发展的相关对策建议。     

英国城乡规划体系及农村规划管理的经验与启示

[目的]对英国城乡规划体系及农村规划管理的发展历程、基本经验和主要特点进行归纳总结,分析其对我国当前加强农业与农村规划管理、推进城乡统筹发展、促进新型城镇化建设的启示和借鉴意义。[方法]基于赴英国进行城乡规划体系及农村规划管理与保护方面的实地考察、培训以及相关文献的综述分析。[结果]英国城乡规划体系建立缘于其解决城镇化发展过程所产生的"大城市病"问题,其发展经历了多次修改和调整,目前形成了"区域空间战略"和"地方发展框架"两级规划结构;英国的城乡规划体系十分注重对农村地区和小城镇的规划管理和保护,形成了一系列重要规则和制度。[结论]英国在城镇化发展过程中,完整地保存了传统乡村的历史建筑、风土文化和景观环境,值得充分学习和借鉴。当前,在统筹城乡发展和推进新型城镇化建设过程中,应充分发挥规划的引导作用和社会公众的参与作用,高度重视对农业与农村的保护和规划管理,同时要注重基于中国国情的再创新。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.