启动农村消费市场的思考

世纪末,中国的农村改革已进入一个新的发展阶段。随着经济的发展,中国的农产品已由原来的产品极端匮乏演变为今天的产品较为丰富,需求不足已成为制约我国经济发展的一个难题。而占全国人口70％以上的人口生活在农村,因此。如何刺激农村市场消费,对于扩大内需具有深远的意义。本文从分析农民的收入消费构成入手。演绎我国农村市场的发展变化过程,进而找出农村市场启而不动的原因。最终得出开拓农村市场必须以增加农民收入为前提的观点。     

我国教育消费市场特征分析

教育消费是居民消费的重要组成部分,在我国居民消费支出中,教育消费的比例逐年提高。我国教育消费目前主要面临4大矛盾：现有教育发展规模和居民日益增长的教育消费需求之间的矛盾、现有教育供给结构与居民教育消费需求之间的矛盾、教育管理体制与居民教育消费需求之间的矛盾、居民教育消费意愿与现实支付能力之间的矛盾。     

开拓农村消费市场的思考

开拓农村消费市场，是关系到农村流通领域改革与发展、农村稳定与繁荣的重大举措，对于刺激总需求，拉动国尼经济增长具有十分重要的意义。开拓农村消费市场既有有利条件，又存在不少障碍，需要根据实际情况采取相应的措施。     

漫谈拓宽市场的九种技巧(二)

兵无常势,水无常形。当今市场经济变幻莫测,竞争日趋激烈。企业经营者要想在竞争中争取主动,占据优势,就必须拓宽市场。只有拓宽市场,才能把握经营主动权。那么,企业经营者在异常激烈的竞争中怎样拓宽市场呢?总结和借鉴众多企业的经验和教训,企业一般可运用以下技巧与策略去拓宽市场:     

如何利用营销策略赢得消费市场

随着我国经济的不断增长,市场的消费需求也在逐步上升,我国市场营销也实现了四个根本性转变,即从以市场为中心转变为以消费者为中心;从以销售产品为主转变为以消费者满意为主;从质量竞争转变为服务竞争、品牌竞争;从以推销产品的宣传为主转变为以增进与消费者的沟通为主,最终赢得了稳定的消费市场。本文利用市场营销知识分析我国营销的现状及其广阔的发展空间。     

探讨开拓农村市场的途径

我国有近13亿人口,有着国外工商业不敢奢望的巨大消费市场,但其中农业人口在9亿以上。从有关资料中可以看出,目前全国农村市场的消费总体上处于较低水平,农村市场需求的满足程度还很低。有人曾预测,如果农村居民的消费水平达到城市的中等水平,消费总量则将翻两三倍。所以,我国农村市场的消费潜力很大,前景广阔。     

NEWS-GENERATED DEPENDENCE AND OPTIMAL PORTFOLIOS FOR n STOCKS IN A MARKET OF BARNDORFF-NIELSEN AND SHEPHARD TYPE

We consider Merton's portfolio optimization problem in a Black and Scholes market with non-Gaussian stochastic volatility of Ornstein–Uhlenbeck type. The investor can trade in n stocks and a risk-free bond. We assume that the dependence between stocks lies in that they partly share the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes of the volatility. We refer to these as news processes, and interpret this as that dependence between stocks lies solely in their reactions to the same news. The model is primarily intended for assets that are dependent, but not too dependent, such as stocks from different branches of industry. We show that this dependence generates covariance, and give statistical methods for both the fitting and verification of the model to data. Using dynamic programming, we derive and verify explicit trading strategies and Feynman–Kac representations of the value function for power utility.     

工商市场管理系统的开发和实施

结合工商市场管理业务信息流的研究 ,提出并开发实现了一种适用于工商市场管理的计算机网络应用系统 ,实现了利用计算机网络及数据库技术对文件、数据和报表等信息的存储、查询、传递以及计算等处理功能 ,为“金管”工程信息自动化管理提供了一种有效的途径。     

HEDGING STRATEGIES AND MINIMAL VARIANCE PORTFOLIOS FOR EUROPEAN AND EXOTIC OPTIONS IN A LÉVY MARKET

This paper presents hedging strategies for European and exotic options in a Lévy market. By applying Taylor’s theorem, dynamic hedging portfolios are constructed under different market assumptions, such as the existence of power jump assets or moment swaps. In the case of European options or baskets of European options, static hedging is implemented. It is shown that perfect hedging can be achieved. Delta and gamma hedging strategies are extended to higher moment hedging by investing in other traded derivatives depending on the same underlying asset. This development is of practical importance as such other derivatives might be readily available. Moment swaps or power jump assets are not typically liquidly traded. It is shown how minimal variance portfolios can be used to hedge the higher order terms in a Taylor expansion of the pricing function, investing only in a risk‐free bank account, the underlying asset, and potentially variance swaps. The numerical algorithms and performance of the hedging strategies are presented, showing the practical utility of the derived results.     

MACROECONOMIC AND LABOUR MARKET POLICIES FOR EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA

The recent advent of political democracy in South Africa has brought into sharp focus those macroeconomic and labour policies designed to combat unacceptably high unemployment levels, that have escalated steadily to present estimates of approximately 40 per cent of the Economically Active Population. The continuing implementation of neo-liberal orthodox policies, the authors maintain, will aggravate the problem. An alternative theoretical framework containing elements of a neo-Ricardian, post-Keynesian approach and based on research work of the Macroeconomic Research Group (MERG) is advocated. This approach focuses on State-led, demand-inducing policies, while not neglecting the supply side of the labour market in South Africa.     

A COMMENT ON MARKET FREE LUNCH AND FREE LUNCH

Frittelli (2004) introduced a market free lunch depending on the preferences of the agents in the market. He characterized no arbitrage and no free lunch with vanishing risk in terms of no market free lunch (the difference comes from the class of utility functions determining the market free lunch). In this note we complete the list of characterizations and show directly (using the theory of Orlicz spaces) that no free lunch is equivalent to the absence of market free lunch with respect to monotone concave utility functions.     

TRANSFORM ANALYSIS FOR POINT PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS IN CREDIT RISK

This paper develops a formula for a transform of a vector point process with totally inaccessible arrivals. The transform is expressed in terms of a Laplace transform under an equivalent probability measure of the point process compensator. The Laplace transform of the compensator can be calculated explicitly for a wide range of model specifications, because it is analogous to the value of a simple security. The transform formula extends the computational tractability offered by extant security pricing models to a point process and its applications, which include valuation and risk management problems arising in single‐name and portfolio credit risk.     

HYBRID LOG-LINEAR MODELS FOR SPATIAL INTERACTION AND STABILITY ANALYSIS(*)

This paper discusses the relevance of hybrid log-linear models for applied research based on categorial data. Such models may lead to statistically significant results based on a reduced number of parameters. The use of long-linear modeling is illustrated by means of spatial interaction analysis with categorial data. Special attention is given to the problem of so-called structural zeros and of stability of spatial interaction patterns. Various constraints on the set of interaction parameters emerging from the off-diagonal elements of a spatial interaction matrix are taken into account by means of an entropy function. The analysis is illustrated by means of an empirical application to migration flows in Dutch housing market areas.     

奖励行业年度分析报告

《奖励行业年度分析报告》是国际奖励旅游管理者协会（SITE）一年一度发布的行业分析报告,本报告旨在深入分析奖励行业的实施原理与策划方式。在调查中,受访者被分为不同的组别：会奖组织者、买家、目的地管理者。根据他们身份的不同,本报告从不同角度了解他们的理念差异。