异质性财富偏好和资产定价

Bakshi和Chen（1996）在代表性投资者经济中提出了基于财富偏好的资产定价模型。本文研究了在异质性投资者经济中财富偏好对资产定价的影响。如果风险资产的价格服从几何布朗运动，那么资产市场具有两基金分离现象。本文首先证明了基于风险基金的资产定价模型，然后使用该模型证明了如果定价的基准是单个的投资者的最优消费和财富时，那么基于财富偏好的资产定价模型成立。但是，当定价的基准是总消费和总财富时，基于财富偏好的资产定价模型不能成立。也就是，不能在异质投资者经济中将Breeden（1979）的经典CCAPM模型推广到包含财富偏好的资产定价模型。     

Wealth Inequality and Intergenerational Links

Previous work has had difficulty generating household saving behaviour that makes the distribution of wealth much more concentrated than that of labour earnings, and that makes the richest households hold onto large amounts of wealth, even during very old age. I construct a quantitative, general equilibrium, overlapping-generations model in which parents and children are linked by accidental and voluntary bequests and by earnings ability. I show that voluntary bequests can explain the emergence of large estates, while accidental bequests alone cannot, and that adding earnings persistence within families increases wealth concentration even more. I also show that the introduction of a bequest motive generates lifetime savings profiles more consistent with the data.     

The Consumption/Wealth and Book/Market Ratios in a Dynamic Asset Pricing Contex

This paper addresses new insights into the predictability of financial returns. In particular, we analyze two aspects of the controversial forecasting literature. On the one hand, we demonstrate a positive and contemporaneous link between aggregate book/market and consumption/wealth ratios. On the other hand, we show that real estate and human capital, as the present value of all future salaries, are key components of the consumption/wealth ratio in Spain. Specifically, we find that the cointegrating residuals of consumption, asset holdings, real estate holdings, and our measure of human capital provide a better forecast of future returns than does the standard proxy of the consumption/wealth ratio. This result is important because it clarifies the importance of country-specific components of wealth for cases in which the consumption/wealth ratio is employed as an instrument in conditional asset pricing models.Belén Nieto: Financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología grant SEJ2005-09372 is gratefully acknowledged.Rosa Rodríguez: Financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología grant SEC2003-06457 is gratefully acknowledged.     

Secular Changes in Wealth Inequality and Inheritance

Data suggest that the distribution of wealth among households in the USA and UK has become more equal over the last century, though, at least for the USA, the pattern may have reversed recently. This paper shows that a model in which all households save for life-cycle reasons and some for dynastic purposes as well offers a possible or partial explanation: the model predicts rising cross-sectional equality of wealth when longevity increases. There may also be implications about very recent changes: expansion of social security programmes and government deficits can lead toward more wealth inequality. Slower growth may do the same.     

异质信念资产定价研究

从随机游走、行为金融到混沌,从现代资产定价理论、行为资产定价理论到异质信念资产定价理论,3种学说和3种定价理论同时存在干当今资本市场的研究中,它们分别从不同方面、不同视角解释了资产价格的波动。本文的研究理清了3种重要定价理论之间的关系：理性与有限理性,线性与非线性,价格波动的外在机制与内在机制,为人们进一步研究资产定价理论提供了清晰的脉络。     

租赁资产证券化及其定价研究

文章阐述了租赁资产证券化的基本概念及其运作机理,通过构造利率二叉树,研究了基于V asicek模型的租赁资产证券化的定价问题,并结合算例进行了分析。算例研究表明,基于V asicek模型的可提前偿付的租赁资产支持的证券化价值等于不可提前偿付的租赁资产支持的证券化的价值减去可提前偿付的期权价值。     

Status Aspirations, Wealth Inequality, and Economic Growth

This paper argues that an increase in the inequality of wealth prompts a stronger quest for status that in turn fosters the accumulation of wealth. It proposes a measure for an individual's want of social status. For a given level of a population's wealth, the corresponding aggregate measure of want of social status is shown to be positively related to the Gini coefficient of wealth inequality. Hence, the Gini coefficient and growth are positively correlated, holding the population's wealth constant.     

居民消费、自然储蓄与资产价格

凯恩斯的储蓄一投资恒等式忽视了消费者的储蓄行为的重要信息,是导致CCAPM遭遇实证难题的重要原因之一,本文结合储蓄理论来改进CCAPM。储蓄理论的研究对象是居民可支配收入中既不购买消费品,也不购买投资品的“冗余”部分。这些收入“冗余”的数量与储蓄收益率（利率）无关,给消费者带来了直接的效用,笔者称之为自然储蓄。本文把自然储蓄加入到标准CCAPM的理论框架内,重新讨论自然储蓄、消费和资产价格之间的长期均衡关系,发现除基于消费的风险溢价以外,传统股权溢价还包括了基于储蓄的风险溢价,最后利用中国经济数据进行了实证检验,为理论模型提供了经验证据的支持。其他结论如下：自然储蓄抑制了消费者对金融资产的需求,这为发展中国家普遍出现的“超额储蓄”与欠发达金融市场并存的现象提供一种新的理论性解释;我国消费者的储蓄效用弹性远高于消费效用弹性,说明储蓄政策是比消费政策更为有效的资产市场调控手段。     

有政府的动态资产定价模型

文章建立了一个有政府的动态资产定价模型.政府被模型化为具有垄断力量的市场参与者,它可以利用自己的税收和交易行为影响市场.我们求解了一个政府先行,私人跟随的均衡,得到了一个资产定价的双因子(总消费因子和税收因子)模型.文章证明:资产的超额收益不但取决于与总消费的相关性,还受与政府税收相关性的影响;资本市场的波动行为依赖于税收的随机模式.我们的模型预言,在一个政府作用比较大的经济体里,如果忽略政府的作用,单因子的ICAPM可能低估均衡的股权超额收益.同没有政府的经济相比,有政府经济中风险资产的波动率会更高.分析还表明:在动态资产定价模型中引入政府行为是可能的.     

行为资产定价理论综述

如何刻画投资者行为是资产定价理论 50年来发展的主要脉络。在消费资本资产定价模型基础上 ,通过修正投资者的效用函数而发展起来的行为资产定价理论 ,对投资者行为的认识达到了新的高度。本文构造了行为资产定价的一般均衡研究框架 ,指出了此框架与行为金融理论的区别 ,并在此框架下 ,综述了当前流行的行为资产定价模型。文章最后分析了行为资产定价理论的下一步发展方向。     

Consensus Consumer and Intertemporal Asset Pricing with Heterogeneous Beliefs

The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of heterogeneous beliefs in an otherwise standard competitive complete market economy. The construction of a consensus probability belief, as well as a consensus consumer, is shown to be valid modulo an aggregation bias, which takes the form of a discount factor. In classical cases, the consensus probability belief is a risk tolerance weighted average of the individual beliefs, and the discount factor is proportional to beliefs dispersion. This discount factor makes the heterogeneous beliefs setting fundamentally different from the homogeneous beliefs setting, and it is consistent with the interpretation of beliefs heterogeneity as a source of risk.
We then use our construction to rewrite in a simple way the equilibrium characteristics (market price of risk, risk premium, risk-free rate) in a heterogeneous beliefs framework and to analyse the impact of beliefs heterogeneity. Finally, we show that it is possible to construct specific parametrizations of the heterogeneous beliefs model that lead to globally higher risk premia and lower risk-free rates.     

资产的理性定价模型和非理性定价模型的比较研究--基于中国股市的实证分析

本文以 1 995年 2月— 2 0 0 2年 6月深沪两市A股上市公司为样本 ,考察和对比三个定价模型———CAPM、三因素模型和特征模型。实证研究发现 :(1 )中国股市存在显著的“账面市值比效应”(BMEffect)和“规模效应”(SIZEEffect) ,但对于小公司则不存在“1月份效应” ;(2 )三因素模型比CAPM能更好地描述股票横截面收益的变化 ;(3 )基于“股票横截面收益是由公司特征决定”的非理性定价理论的特征模型不成立 ,而基于“股票横截面收益是由风险因素决定”的理性定价理论的三因素模型成立。这些发现说明 ,账面市值比和公司规模这二个变量代表的是一种“风险因素” ,并非“特征因素” ,因此中国股票横截面收益的变化取决于风险因素 ,而非特征因素。作者认为 ,导致上述结果的主要原因是中国股市长期的同涨同跌特征。     

资产定价泡沫对经济的影响

本文采用具有技术进步和随机实质资本投资收益率的跨时迭代模型 ,从理论上分析了资产定价泡沫对经济的影响 ,同时对我国转轨时期经济的动态效率进行了实证研究。结果显示 :我国转轨时期经济正从动态无效向动态有效转化 ,在实质资本收益率确定的情况下 ,适当的资产定价泡沫 (如果存在的话 )对我国经济有益 ,会增加人均消费 ,加快我国经济向动态有效转化 ,使资源配置达到Pareto最优 ;在实质资本收益率随机的情况下 ,资产定价泡沫对经济的影响是不确定的 ,其效果依赖于个人对未来投资实质资本收益率的预期 ,因而加强投资者对未来实质资本投资的收益率持乐观态度的信心是至关重要的。     

城镇家庭金融资产配置的财富效应

随着经济的发展和国民财富的增加,家庭资产结构从单一的储蓄型资产转变为丰富多样的风险型金融资产,其配置金融资产的异质性导致了家庭资产选择和消费行为的差异.本文通过实证检验了城镇家庭金融资产配置及其财富效应,结果显示:城镇家庭风险性金融资产持有情况和高流动性金融资产持有情况对城镇家庭消费水平存在显著影响,而金融资产占比的影响不显著,金融资产占比、风险性金融资产持有情况和高流动性金融资产持有情况三个变量对城镇家庭消费结构的影响均不显著;分组情况下,影响高收入城镇家庭消费水平的因素主要是风险性金融资产持有情况和高流动性金融资产持有情况,而对于高收入城镇家庭消费结构、低收入城镇家庭消费水平和消费结构,城镇家庭金融资产配置维度的三个变量对其的影响均不显著.     

金融资产定价异常与资产定价模型的扩展——基于委托-代理理论视角的研究

对于金融资产定价异常现象,本文基于信息角度将信息不对称分为可识别的逆向选择效应、可识别的道德风险效应、不可识别的逆向选择效应和不可识别的道德风险效应四个部分,并在此基础上利用委托-代理理论对资产模型进行了扩展,得出了信息不对称下扩展的资产定价和代理成本资产定价模型。进而论证了动态资产定价模型、羊群效应资本资产定价模型与FF三因素模型只是扩展的资本资产定价模型的一个特例,从而为动态资产定价模型,羊群效应资本资产定价模型与FF三因素模型提供了微观基础。     

Rational Pessimism, Rational Exuberance, and Asset Pricing Models

The paper estimates and examines the empirical plausibility of asset pricing models that attempt to explain features of financial markets such as the size of the equity premium and the volatility of the stock market. In one model, the long-run risks (LRR) model of Bansal and Yaron, low-frequency movements, and time-varying uncertainty in aggregate consumption growth are the key channels for understanding asset prices. In another, as typified by Campbell and Cochrane, habit formation, which generates time-varying risk aversion and consequently time variation in risk premia, is the key channel. These models are fitted to data using simulation estimators. Both models are found to fit the data equally well at conventional significance levels, and they can track quite closely a new measure of realized annual volatility. Further, scrutiny using a rich array of diagnostics suggests that the LRR model is preferred.     

动态风险厌恶、随机贴现因子与资产定价

本文在Campbell and Cochrane(1998)和Brandt and Wang(2001)的研究基础之上利用随机贴现因子对包含习惯的效用函数中的风险厌恶进行了动态一般化分析，并探讨了动态风险厌恶、随机贴现因子、资产定价以及消费增长等因素之间的一般化关系。这种一般化关系有助于解释“股权溢价之谜”(Equity Premium Puzzle)等不合理现象的存在。     

Stochastic Dominance, Pareto Optimality, and Equilibrium Asset Pricing

This paper introduces the concept of a factor subspace in competitive equilibrium asset pricing. A factor subspace contains the market portfolio and is such that every marketed contingent claim is second-order stochastically dominated by a claim from the factor subspace. Conditions are given for the existence of equilibrium, and it is shown how APT and CAPM can be interpreted in the framework of the paper. If sufficiently many call options on the market portfolio are traded, then the space spanned by these options can be used as the factor subspace.