利率市场化改革与货币政策银行利率传导

现代货币政策框架的内涵之一是畅通的货币政策传导机制。在货币政策对银行利率的传导中,政策利率尤其是再融资工具利率能够通过市场利率向贷款利率和存款利率顺畅传导。本文构造了一个多部门局部均衡模型,刻画利率市场化程度的时变特征,从理论上讨论利率市场化程度与货币政策银行利率传导之间的内生关系,两者共同决定了利率市场化改革的成效。基于时变因子扩展向量自回归模型,本文进一步验证了理论分析的结论。研究发现:(1)利率市场化改革具有阶段性波动特征,利率市场化程度不是一直上升的,改革可能会曲折迂回。(2)利率市场化改革具有动态政策效应,多种改革政策共同推动渐进的利率市场化,但从货币政策银行利率传导的有效性进行考察,利率市场化改革仍然存在进一步推进的空间。因此,有必要完善贷款市场报价利率的形成、传导与调控机制,理顺不同利率之间的联动关系,疏通货币政策对银行利率的传导,充分发挥利率市场化改革的潜力。     

混频数据信息下的时变货币政策传导行为研究——基于混频TVP-FAVAR模型

现实经济环境中,货币政策操作受到金融市场及宏观经济信息的共同影响.如何基于混频大数据信息分析货币政策行为机制是需解决的现实问题.为此,本文提出一种混频时变参数因子增广向量自回归(MF-TVP-FAVAR)模型.基于宏观经济及金融市场等多维度混频数据信息的实证结果表明:首先,MF-TVP-FAVAR模型在宏观金融混频数据中提取的金融形势指数(FCI)能较好地表征宏观经济先行趋势,为货币政策的制定提供前瞻性信息.其次,混频TVP-FAVAR模型可以捕捉价格型和数量型货币政策传导的高频时变特征.与货币供应量相比,利率传导对产出的影响具有滞后性.利率传导随着利率市场化改革愈发畅通,而信贷传导机制因财政政策搭配等问题日渐受阻.再次,货币政策传导效果受到经济周期影响,无论产出效应还是价格效应,经济上行时期,货币政策传导机制都比经济衰退时期更加通畅.价格型和数量型传导机制在经济下行时的作用效果均会减弱,但数量型货币政策更易受到经济周期的影响.最后,货币政策对FCI的冲击响应具有时变性,说明金融市场信息冲击对我国货币政策调控具有结构性的动态影响.货币当局制定尤其是微调货币政策时应及时评估金融市场信息冲击的影响.     

Optimal Monetary Policy with an Uncertain Cost Channel

The cost channel of monetary transmission describes a supply-side effect of interest rates on firms' costs. Previous research has found this effect to vary, both over time and across countries. Moreover, the cyclical nature of financial frictions is likely to amplify the cost channel. This paper derives optimal monetary policy in the presence of uncertainty about the true size of the cost channel. In a min–max approach, the central bank derives an optimal policy plan to be implemented by a Taylor rule. It is shown that uncertainty about the cost channel leads to an attenuated interest rate setting behavior. In this respect, the Brainard (1967) principle of cautious policy in the face of uncertainty continues to hold in both a Bayesian and a min–max framework.     

货币政策传导的“成本渠道”理论综述

在市场经济体制下，越来越多的国家开始倾向于运用价格型政策工具对宏观经济进行调控，但其实施结果却不尽如人意，尤其是利率工具的实施结果与传统的货币政策传导渠道的理论观点出现了背离，即紧缩性（扩张性）的货币政策与高（低）通货膨胀相伴出现，而成本渠道理论为之提供了一个合理的解释。本文从追溯成本渠道理论的思想渊源入手，对利率与通货膨胀的关系、货币政策的供给效应、成本渠道理论的最终形成以及金融体系结构如何影响成本渠道效应大小等进行了述评。     

Optimal monetary policy with the cost channel

In the standard new Keynesian framework, an optimizing policy maker does not face a trade-off between stabilizing the inflation rate and stabilizing the gap between actual output and output under flexible prices. An ad hoc, exogenous cost-push shock is typically added to the inflation equation to generate a meaningful policy problem. In this paper, we show that a cost-push shock arises endogenously when a cost channel for monetary policy is introduced into the new Keynesian model. A cost channel is present when firms’ marginal cost depends directly on the nominal rate of interest. Besides providing empirical evidence for a cost channel, we explore its implications for optimal monetary policy. We show that its presence alters the optimal policy problem in important ways. For example, both the output gap and inflation are allowed to fluctuate in response to productivity and demand shocks under optimal monetary policy.     

Effects of monetary policy on the REIT returns: Evidence from the United Kingdom

In this paper, we analyze whether a monetary policy based on three main variables (inflation, money supply, and output gap) has a nonlinear impact on real estate investment trust (REIT) markets. In addition, we extend our analysis to examine whether these monetary policy components impact the possibility of boom and bust regimes occurring in the market. Empirically, we propose different Markov-switching model variants to determine the nonlinear time-varying impact of monetary policy on the REIT market. Our results show the monetary policy environment is supposed to affect, on one hand, the REIT returns and, on the other hand, the possibility of boom and bust markets. We prove that expansionary monetary policy has an impact only in the case of boom market. However, an increase in the inflation rate decreases the probability of remaining in the bust regime. As a consequence, we have already outlined several monetary transmission mechanisms that show house prices to have important effects on aggregate demand. Our results confirm that REIT markets are not efficient.     

International monetary policy transmission through banks in small open economies

This paper studies the international transmission of monetary policy through banks in small open economies using the examples of Switzerland and Canada. We assess the inward transmission of foreign monetary policy for Switzerland and the outward transmission of domestic monetary policy for Canada. In both country cases, we focus on the international bank lending and the international portfolio channel, which make opposing predictions about how monetary policy transmits internationally through banks. Our results on the inward transmission of foreign monetary policy through banks in Switzerland are consistent with a role for the international portfolio channel, but we find no evidence for the traditional international bank lending channel. The results on the outward transmission of domestic monetary policy in Canada suggest that foreign lending by Canadian banks is affected through both channels, which work as predicted and largely balance each other.     

欠发达地区货币政策传导的住房信贷渠道研究——基于广西实证

货币政策传导机制畅通与否直接关系到货币政策实施的有效性。本文运用协整检验、向量自回归和脉冲响应函数等方法,对欠发达地区货币政策传导的住房信贷渠道进行实证分析,实证研究表明,欠发达地区货币政策的住房信贷渠道的传导效应比较显著。     

股票市场对货币政策传导机制影响的实证研究——基于脉冲响应函数和方差分解的技术分析

随着股票市场的蓬勃发展及其与国民经济的联系日益密切,货币政策的传导机制和效应必然受到股票市场发展的影响,同时股票市场也逐渐成为货币政策传导的重要渠道之一。本文首先对货币政策的传导机制与股票市场的关联机制进行分析,然后运用协整分析、向量自回归模型(VAR)、向量误差修正模型(VECM)、脉冲响应函数、方差分解技术等计量方法对我国股票市场对货币政策传导机制的影响进行了实证分析。结果显示股票市场已经成为传导货币政策的一个主要渠道,中央银行制定货币政策时必须要考虑股票市场。     

Equity market and the transmission channels of monetary policy: Before and after the zero lower bound

We examine the effectiveness of the interest rate channel and the credit channel of monetary policy before and after the zero lower bound (ZLB), using intraday stock returns. We construct a number of industry-specific and firm-specific indicators to capture the sensitivity of firms' demand to interest rates (interest rate channel) and firms' financial constraints (credit channel). We find that the transmission of monetary policy has shifted across both periods. Conventional monetary policy works through both the neoclassical interest rate channel and the credit channel, while unconventional policy is propagated primarily via the credit channel which became even more effective at the ZLB. Before the ZLB the transmission channels operate primarily through target rate shocks rather than forward guidance announcements, whereas both forward guidance and large scale asset purchases were equally important for the credit channel at the ZLB. We also find strong evidence that transmission channels are asymmetric depending on the state of the stock market (bull/bear, tighter/easier credit conditions, high/low volatility), and the type of policy surprises (positive/negative). Our findings are robust with respect to a number of model extensions and alternative specifications.     

企业异质性与货币政策信贷传导渠道有效性

基于货币政策传导理论,依据2008-2017年沪深两市非金融上市企业数据,考量企业异质性与货币政策信贷传导渠道有效性。结果显示：紧缩性货币政策通过银行信贷渠道传导,有效降低企业的投资规模;受企业异质性影响,货币政策信贷传导在高融资约束、高投资机会、高资产可抵押性和非国有企业中更能发挥有效作用。     

银行异质性对货币政策信贷传导机制的影响研究

银行借贷渠道作为货币政策信贷传导机制中的一种,有力的传导了中国货币政策的宏观调控作用。但是由于资本规模、贷款结构、以及治理结构的不同,各个银行的货币政策信贷传导机制传导效率也存在差异。本文正是基于银行异质性特征,利用中国2004-2013年的相关数据,实证分析了银行异质性特征与中国货币政策传导效率间的关系。实证结果表明,银行的异质性特征造成了货币政策传导效率的差异化,货币政策对不同特质的银行贷款供给能力的影响存在差异性,并且不同特质银行传导货币政策的效率有差别。最后,本文针对上述实证结果提出相关建议。     

Securitization and the balance sheet channel of monetary transmission

This paper shows that the balance sheet channel of monetary transmission is stronger for US banks that securitize their assets. This finding is different, in spirit, from the widely-found negative relationship between financial development and the strength of the lending channel of monetary transmission. Focusing on the balance sheet channel, and using bank-level observations, we find that securitizing banks are more sensitive to borrowers’ balance sheets and that monetary policy has a greater impact on this sensitivity for securitizing banks. The optimality conditions from a simple partial equilibrium framework suggest that the positive effects of securitization on policy effectiveness could be due to the high sensitivity of security prices to policy rates.     

Consolidation in banking and the lending channel of monetary transmission: Evidence from Asia and Latin America

This paper examines the relationship between increased consolidation in banking and monetary policy transmission in eighteen Asian and Latin American economies, using bank-level data from 1996 to 2006. Our results provide consistent evidence that as concentration in banking increases, the bank lending channel is weakened, leading the monetary policy transmission mechanism to be less effective. We also investigate how this relationship between concentration and the strength of the lending channel depends on bank-specific characteristics. Using bank-level balance sheet and income statement data allows us, first, to better identify the effects of banking consolidation on the supply-side bank lending channel from those of the demand-side interest rate channel, and second, to test for any systematic differences in the impact of consolidation on monetary policy transmission across banks of different size and financial strength. We also discuss potential explanations for and policy implications of the main findings of this paper.     

Monetary Policy and the Asset Risk‐Taking Channel

How important is the risk‐taking channel for monetary policy? To answer this question, we develop and estimate a quantitative monetary DSGE model where banks choose excessively risky investments, due to an agency problem that distorts banks' incentives. As the real interest rate declines, these distortions become more important and excessive risk taking increases, lowering the efficiency of investment. We show theoretically that this novel transmission channel generates a new monetary policy trade‐off between inflation and real interest rate stabilization, whereby the central bank may prefer to tolerate greater inflation volatility in order to lower excessive risk taking.     

货币政策传导过程中的金融体系研究

金融体系在货币政策传导过程中起“中介”作用,货币渠道过程是通过金融市场从货币政策冲击到市场零售利率的价格传导过程,信贷渠道是通过商业银行从中央银行到商业银行的数量传导过程。完善我国金融体系有利于提高货币政策传导效果,同时也是市场经济体制改革的要求,我国中央银行实施货币政策时应该考虑区域金融差异的客观事实。     

基于银行流动性管理视角的宏观审慎与货币政策协调研究

本文从商业银行流动性管理视角出发,探究银行微观主体行为如何影响宏观审慎与货币政策的协调。我们借鉴净稳定资金比例的设计理念,将商业银行的流动性管理行为纳入传统理论模型,刻画出两种流动性管理行为对货币政策信贷传导渠道效率的潜在影响及传导路径。在此基础上,采用我国50家商业银行2012年第1季度—2018年第2季度面板数据进行实证检验。我们发现,银行为提升长期流动性水平而进行的优化信贷资产结构的行为,能够显著提高货币政策传导效率。但是,部分净稳定资金比例较低的股份制银行和城市商业银行调整非信贷资产结构的行为则有可能降低货币政策传导效率。因此,在执行既有流动性监管措施的同时,关注与引导银行资产结构调整方式,对增强宏观审慎与货币政策的协调大有裨益。     

基于银行流动性管理视角的宏观审慎与货币政策协调研究

本文从商业银行流动性管理视角出发,探究银行微观主体行为如何影响宏观审慎与货币政策的协调。我们借鉴净稳定资金比例的设计理念,将商业银行的流动性管理行为纳入传统理论模型,刻画出两种流动性管理行为对货币政策信贷传导渠道效率的潜在影响及传导路径。在此基础上,采用我国50家商业银行2012年第1季度—2018年第2季度面板数据进行实证检验。我们发现,银行为提升长期流动性水平而进行的优化信贷资产结构的行为,能够显著提高货币政策传导效率。但是,部分净稳定资金比例较低的股份制银行和城市商业银行调整非信贷资产结构的行为则有可能降低货币政策传导效率。因此,在执行既有流动性监管措施的同时,关注与引导银行资产结构调整方式,对增强宏观审慎与货币政策的协调大有裨益。     

The Bank Lending Channel Revisited

A central proposition in research on the role of banks in the transmission mechanism is that monetary policy imparts a direct impact on deposits and that deposits act as the driving force of bank lending. This paper argues that the emphasis on policy‐induced changes in deposits is misplaced. A reformulation of the bank lending channel is proposed that works primarily through the impact of monetary policy on banks’ balance sheet strength and risk perception. Such a recasting implies, contrary to conventional wisdom, that greater reliance on market‐based funding enhances the importance of the channel.     

中国货币政策信贷传导渠道有效性的实证分析——兼论对工业企业现金流的影响

本文运用协整检验、向量自回归模型以及脉冲响应函数等计量方法,对中国2001—2011年货币政策信贷传导渠道的有效性进行了实证分析,同时给出货币渠道的结果作为对比。实证结果表明,货币渠道和信贷渠道对货币政策的传导共同发挥作用,但两者均存在一定程度的传导障碍,并且近年来货币渠道相对信贷渠道而言似乎更具影响力。另外,本文还进一步探讨了货币政策冲击对工业企业现金流的影响,并给出了工业企业现金流主要组成部分（销售收入、利润总额以及利息支出）对货币冲击的脉冲响应函数图。