Rolle der Kohle im weltweiten Energiemix

In the past decade, coal was the energy resource boasting the strongest absolute growth world-wide. Most of the coal is used in the countries where it is extracted and 15% of coal production is traded on international markets. With a share of 41% coal is the No. 1 fuel source in global power generation. The benefits offered by coal are security of supply and lower prices than that of rival energy carriers. In the main scenario of the 2010 World Energy Outlook, the International Energy Agency assumes that until 2035 coal will have to make a growing absolute contribution to the 75% increase in global power generation. According to this assumption, coal, accounting for 32%, will make the same contribution as renewable resources in 2035.     

Eine Bewertung der Regelenergievermarktung im Power-to-Gas-Konzept

The integration of the increasing share of fluctuating renewable energy sources into the energy system requires more options in flexibility. A promising attempt is the power-to-gas concept (PtG) which allows the production of hydrogen and synthetic natural gas (SNG) from electricity and the storage in caverns or existing gas storage facilities. However, an economic operation in Germany is not expected before 2030, when the amount of surplus energy, mainly generated in wind parks, will be sufficient. Currently, a hardly analyzed aspect is the potential commercialization of the flexible electrolysis as controllable load on the electricity balancing market. This offers opportunities to generate additional revenues and to obtain cheap electricity in the form of balancing energy. The present article has been designed to analyze this aspect and to examine the impact of a potential commercialization of balancing energy on the gas production costs within the PtG concept. At first, the current legal framework, the funding instruments of SNG and the differences between the notion ‘Speichergas’ and ‘Biogas’ will be outlined. An overview of the current balancing market will be given and the development of prices on the secondary balancing market will be evaluated as well as expected market trends will be presented. The following calculation of gas production costs, which result from applying an optimal proposal strategy on the secondary balancing market, is model-based and uses historical data. Three scenarios are defined and examined, and the impact of variable electricity prices is analyzed. The electricity balancing market is profitable and offers many opportunities for PtG plants. The results show a decrease of SNG production costs by up to 74 % to 46,9 €/MWh. As for the hydrogen, the production costs amount to approximately 25,8 €/MWh which equals a cost reduction of up to 81 % compared to conventional PtG plants without commercialization of balancing energy.     

Eine Konzeption zum Regulierungsmanagement im Kontext der Anreizregulierung

Strategic decisions of network operators are directly and indirectly affected by the current regulatory environment. Representing an important political and legal influence factor, the regulatory environment must be taken into account in the strategic decision-making process. Dealing with this factor is essential for an unbundled network operator, who’s main source of income is its grid access fee. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of the regulatory environment is indispensable for the success of network operators. This task should be handled by a department for regulatory management. However, as regulatory management is not clearly defined in business research, the present article intends to close this gap and develop a design for implementing a department for regulatory management. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of managerial behaviour under regulatory constraints. As part of our design, environmental analysis serves as an example to point out the specific challenges in regulated markets.     

Quantifying the CO2 Permit Price Sensitivity

Equilibrium models have been widely used in the literature with the aim of showing theoretical properties of emissions trading schemes. This paper applies equilibrium models to empirically study permit prices and to quantify the permit price sensitivity. In particular, we demonstrate that emission trading schemes both with and without banking are inherently prone to price jumps.     

Corrosion of a CO2 absorber tower

Because of corrosion, the CO₂ absorber was lines with stainless steel shingles after 10 to 15 years of operation.     

外商直接投资对我国二氧化碳排放的影响--基于联立方程的经验考察

为更好的考察外商直接投资（FDI）对我国二氧化碳（CO2）排放的影响,文章使用中国1985～2011年的二氧化碳排放数据,通过构建联立方程组研究了两者间的相互关系。研究结果表明：外商直接投资通过规模效应增加了我国的二氧化碳排放量,又通过结构效应、技术效应和环境规制效应作用降低了二氧化碳排放量,其总效应是降低了我国的二氧化碳排放量,即外商直接投资的总体环境效应是积极的。文章最后基于上述研究发现,提出相应政策建议。     

温室气体CO2应用领域及回收技术

温室效应对全球环境造成很大影响。CO2是引起温室效应的主要气体之一,同时CO2是一种重要的化工原料,可用于钢铁、化工、海水淡化及食品等行业,因此急需回收CO2,一方面可减轻温室效应,一方面可实现CO2资源化。本文综述CO2的主要排放源及其应用领域,详细介绍CO2回收技术及其优缺点。主要回收技术包括物理吸收法、化学吸收法、吸附分离法和膜分离法。     

中国产业碳排放增长的需求结构分析

文章运用投入产出分析法对中国产业二氧化碳排放增长的需求结构进行了探讨。研究发现:①最终需求各项CO2诱发效果显著的产业主要有8个部门;②部门单位最终需求的完全排放强度主要来自中间需求的影响;③最终需求各项的CO2排放诱发效果说明:当前我国的投资和出口需求是诱发CO2排放量的主要驱动因素;④解读各部门CO2排放对最终需求各项的依存度进一步说明当前我国CO2排放是投资出口依存型。     

中国省域碳强度的空间相关性及其驱动因素研究

本文采用空间统计学与空间计量方法,构建0－1权重矩阵和地理距离权重矩阵,对我国30个省 CO2排放强度的空间相关性及驱动因素进行研究。研究结果发现：（1）中国 CO2排放强度存在显著的空间外溢效应,本地区的碳排放强度会受到邻近省份碳排放的影响,空间计量研究方法比普通面板研究更适用。（2）产业结构、城镇化水平、能源强度是影响中国 CO2排放增加的主要因素,FDI 、人均 GDP 、人口密度有助于减少中国 CO2排放,但能源价格作用不显著。     

居住建筑 CO 2排放量的核算及其影响因素的实证分析

居住建筑作为能耗使用部门中重要的一部分,其节能减排工作对减少CO2排放量有重大意义。本研究利用Bottom－up评估方法对中国居住建筑的CO2排放量进行了核算,并对影响其排放量的经济社会因素进行了指数分解分析。核算结果表明,1996～2011年居住建筑CO2排放量增长了1.12倍,年均增长5.14％。住宅碳排放系数和平均家庭规模变化均使居住建筑排放量减少,而建筑能源强度、人均居住面积和总户数的增加对居住建筑CO2排放量有明显的促进作用。目前增进作用大于减弱作用,最终居住建筑CO2排放量增加。节约用能,提高能源使用效率,改进用能结构,加快城镇化建设,推动社会结构调整等经济社会措施对降低居住建筑CO2排放量有改善效果。     

CO2 reduction through digital transformation in long-haul transportation: Institutional entrepreneurship to unlock product-service system innovation

Industrial firms seek to develop offerings that can reduce their negative ecological impact while still being economically viable. Initial studies of these offerings focused on the what and the why. Only recently have studies addressed how to pursue these efforts. The literature generally ignores the underlying mechanisms of how such offerings are created and operated. This paper reports a longitudinal case study of an industrial firm's innovative offering. This offering combines heavy duty vehicles and related services for long-haul transportation. It enables road transportation firms to reduce fuel consumption by one quarter and thereby cut CO₂ emissions and fuel costs. A multi-theoretical investigation of that offering contributes to the literature by providing: (i) a rich characterization of an industrial organization's offering that combines economic viability with a much lower negative environmental impact; (ii) a chain of underlying mechanisms that enable such an offering to emerge, including activation of institutional entrepreneurship for industrial entrepreneurship; and (iii) an articulation of the value of using multi-theoretical inquiries of ecological industrial offerings instead of seeking a new isolated theory.     

Evaluating the effects of ICT core elements on CO2 emissions: Recent evidence from OECD countries

This research aimed to inform policymakers about the actual climate relevance of the information and communication technology (ICT) ecosystem, which includes data centers and content provision, broadband networks, and consumer devices. To provide robust empirical evidence on the net environmental impact of these core ICT elements, we used OECD panel data for 34 Member States for the years 2002–2019 and panel fixed-effects regression models. In contrast to previous literature, we measured basic broadband and new fiber-based wireline broadband and 3G/4G mobile broadband network deployment. We also captured variations in end-user devices, ICT affinity, and famous online content. We found that, on average, the CO₂-reducing effects appear to outweigh the CO₂-increasing effects. In particular, we found that, in addition to the reduction effect associated with the use of basic broadband connections, there is a further, albeit smaller, reduction effect associated with new fiber-based broadband connections. Other ICT elements showed insignificant coefficient estimates, suggesting largely offsetting environmental impacts. Our main findings were subject to various robustness checks and were broadly consistent with previous literature using data from developed countries. Our results suggested that old and new broadband networks as enabling technology could generate positive environmental effects for society.     

中美二氧化碳捕集和驱油发展状况分析

中国已超越美国成为世界碳排放第一大国,二氧化碳的捕集、利用和埋存已被提上日程.其中,利用二氧化碳驱油在提高低渗透储层有效动用储量和单井产油量方面效果明显,具有较好的推广应用前景.美国的“清洁能源和能源安全法案”“能源政策法”“国家提高石油采收率计划”都促进了美国的二氧化碳捕集和利用.美国是世界上利用二氧化碳驱油最多的国家,历经60年的实践,二氧化碳驱油技术在美国已发展成熟.中国具有开展二氧化碳捕集和驱油的巨大潜力,但由于与美国相比在地质条件、气源条件、政策支持等方面都有差异,不能照搬美国的技术和经验,需要理性推动中国的二氧化碳捕集、驱油项目发展,有针对性地开展国际合作,创造适合中国低渗透/超低渗透油田特点的二氧化碳驱油提高采收率配套技术.