零售企业自有品牌问题的研究

自有品牌,是零售企业通过搜集、整理、分析消费者对于某类商品的需求信息而开发出来的新产品的品牌。零售企业在功能、价格、造型等方面提出设计要求,自设生产基地或者选择合适的生产企业进行加工生产,最终用自己的商标注册该产品,并在本商店销售该品牌。由于自有品牌能够给零售企业带来更多的利润,赢得顾客的忠诚,因而受到越来越多零售企业的青睐,开发、销售自有品牌产品已成为零售企业广泛采用的营销策略。     

A Positive Theory of Private Label: A Strategic Role of Private Label in a Duopoly National-Brand Market

This article offers an economic rationale for national brands to provide private labels to their retailers. We build a game-theoretic model that analyzes the interactions among two national brand manufacturers and one common retailer. In an interesting strategic role, the private label mitigates the promotion competition between the two national brands and provides benefits for all three members in the channel. Our analysis shows that offering a private label can be a credible commitment from a national brand manufacturer that it will not engage in promotions and decrease the incentive of the national brand rival to engage in promotions. In this way, we attempt to provide a reason for why national brand manufacturers provide retailers with private labels in practice. In addition, we discuss the optimal quality level of private labels.     

Assessing consumer logistics functions in grocery shopping: Evidence from an emerging market

Abstract

Consumer logistics (CL), focuses on the role of consumers in the logistical processing of goods for the purpose of consumption from point of acquisition to the point of disposal. The objective of this study is to test and validate the CL scale as introduced by Bahn, Granzin, and Tokman for grocery shopping in a previously unexplored country setting, namely in Turkey. Our findings show in contrast to Bahn et al. only six CL functions: information search, transportation management and materials handling, storage management & inventory needs assessment, contingent inventory operations & product acquisition, intra-household communication, and interdependent transportation operations. These six CL functions are more applicable for an emerging market, such as Turkey. These findings are consistent across the different socio-demographic characteristics in our sample.     

Factors That Affect the Probability That a Food Retailer Sells a Specialty Food Product,Hybrid Striped Bass

ABSTRACT

Survey data from grocery retailers are analyzed to determine if sellers of hybrid striped bass have different socioeco-nomic and demographic characteristics than nonsellers. The results indicate that sellers are more likely to be chain stores, have larger seafood sales per customer, and have upper income clientele. Probit and logit analyses indicate that the probability that a retailer is a seller of hybrid striped bass increases as the firm sells more aquaculture products. The probability also increases if the retailer is a chain store whose average seafood sales per customer exceed $10, and whose annual seafood sales per store exceed $100,000.     

Retail Integration Strategies in the EU: Scandinavian Grocery Retailing

Until recently, restructuring activity in the EU retail industry has primarily been domestically oriented and focused upon growth opportunities in the retailers' home market. Alongside the on-going harmonization and integration of European markets, grocery retailers have become increasingly interested in cross-border integration activity. Although a salient feature of Scandinavian grocery retailing, this (r)evolution of the industry has attracted only minor attention in academic literature. This paper examines the motives and strategies underlying the intensified integration activity of Scandinavian grocery retailers in general and their integration across national as well as industry boundaries, in particular. The analysis of recent integration events displays a fairly balanced distribution between proactive and reactive motives, albeit the former motive tends to dominate in the case of grocery retailers' integration activity across industry borderlines. Above all, the proactive motive has been apparent in many of the recent partnerships established laterally between Scandinavian grocery retailers and other companies.     

Private certification schemes as consumer protection: a viable supplement to regulation in Europe?

In the European single market, most product certification schemes are privately organized. This paper considers the goals and pitfalls of private certification as a form of market‐based and multi‐stakeholder consumer protection that relies on the transparency of information and the possibility of consumers choosing accordingly with their preferences.     

Private Label Vendor Selection in a Supply Chain: Quality and Clientele Effects

We model a supply chain consisting of a national brand manufacturer and an independent manufacturer, both of whom are potential suppliers of store brand to a single retailer. The retailer serves two customer segments—a quality sensitive segment (high type) and a price sensitive (low type) segment. The retailer serves these two segments by targeting the national and store brands to the quality and price sensitive segments, respectively. When the national brand manufacturer supplies the store brand he internalizes the effect of store brand quality on the national brand's retail prices. This leads the national brand manufacturer to choose a lower store brand quality than the independent manufacturer. This decrease in store brand quality has the benefit of increased revenues from the high type customers along with an associated cost of decreased revenues from the low type customers. Thus, when the benefit outweighs the cost the retailer chooses the national brand manufacturer to supply the store brand. We show that the retailer will choose the national brand manufacturer to supply the store brand when (a) the size of the high type customer segment is large relative to the low type customer segment, (b) the valuations of the high type customer segment is large relative to the low type customer segment, and (c) the retailer's margin requirement on the store brand is not very high. Overall, these results suggest that retailers who serve a bigger sized quality (price) sensitive clientele would have the national brand (independent) manufacturer supply the store brand.     

Private label positioning: Quality versus feature differentiation from the national brand

This paper investigates the retailer's problem of positioning her private label against two national brands in terms of both product quality and product features. Using a demand function derived from consumer utility, we show that the private label's best positioning strategy depends on the nature of the national brands’ competition and its own quality. When the national brands are differentiated, a high quality private label should position closer to a stronger national brand, and a low quality private label should position closer to a weaker national brand. When the national brands are undifferentiated, the private label should differentiate from both national brands.     

民营企业的政府关系和家庭关系研究

文章针对民营企业中红帽子企业不断减少而家族企业日益增多的现象,运用源自于传统文化、包含政府和家庭两个重要组成部分的关系概念来研究民营企业公司治理模式的变化.尽管政府关系和家庭关系在民营企业的发展过程中都发挥着重要作用,但是政府关系与家庭关系对公司治理有着不同影响.文章的核心论点是民营企业中的政府关系正在被家庭关系所取代,其实证分析以浙江省宁波市296家民营企业调查数据为依据.     

黑龙江省民间借贷法律规制研究

民间借贷具有解决融资难、规范民间借贷法律、打击违法犯罪行为等作用,对国民经济发展有一定的积极作用。近几年,黑龙江省民间借贷发展较为活跃,但相应的法律规制还不完善,仍存在违规经营混杂、信息监测体系不完善、法律体系缺乏等问题。黑龙江省应加快制定规范民间借贷的经营行为,健全民间借贷法律监管体系,加快推进民间借贷的立法进程,从而有效完善民间借贷法律规制,促进其健康有序发展。     

黑龙江省民营科技企业信息化建设存在问题及对策研究

在新世纪之初,人类正走进以信息技术为核心的知识经济时代,信息资源已成为与材料和能源同等重要的战略资源;信息化已成为推进国民经济和社会发展的助力器;信息化水平则成为一个城市或地区现代化水平和综合实力的重要标志。随着我国加入WTO,我国企业将直接面对国际化竞争、管理。管理落后的问题将变得越来越突出,信息化是解决这些问题的重要途径,也是解决当前企业管理问题的有效措施。     

抗战时期四川民营工业兴衰及其与政府关系研究

抗战时期,沿海大量民营工业迁入四川,内迁企业通过改造、合作、出租出售、扩建等方式及其后方民营企业的新建,四川民营经济获得一个“嵌入式”发展的良机．但1942年后四川民营工业陷入衰退,其中国民政府的政策导向起了决定性的作用。从四川民营工业的贷款情况、税收负担以及政府对民营工业的统制三个维度来分析．战时四川民营工业“嵌入式”发展的成败对我们实现邓小平“两个大局”思想具有一定的借鉴意义。     

论民营中小企业医疗保障制度的建设

民营中小企业医疗保障制度是我国社会保障制度的重要内容之一。但由于政策与法律监督的缺位、劳动力市场供大于求、民营中小企业的劣势地位、企业主和职工的短期行为等因素的困扰,民营中小企业医疗保障存在着参保率普遍偏低、企业参保状况参差不齐、保障明显不足等问题。民营中小企业医疗保障制度建设的重点应是建立和完善大病医疗保险制度,同时要加快立法步伐,明确政府职责,加强保险资金的科学管理,夯实医疗保障的微观基础,发展和完善医疗救助制度,为民营中小企业医疗保障制度建设扫除障碍。     

民间金融与正规金融合作性制度安排——解决三农融资困境的现实选择

我国农村金融市场存在着明显的信息不对称、信贷抵押能力低、正规金融效率差、政策支持有限和相关法规缺失等问题,正规金融不愿意向经营规模小、缺乏信息透明度、抵押品不足的三农提供信贷服务,农村民间金融由于对当地市场的了解,可以缓解信息不对称的程度,接受特殊的抵押品,一旦产生风险也能以独特的方式减少风险,但民间金融又存在贷款周期短、信贷金额小、利率高、可获得性不强等缺陷。为了缓解农村存在的信贷配给现象,应建立一种民间金融与正规金融合作的制度,解决农村中存在的市场和政府双重失灵的问题,将农村金融的制度安排由原来的政策导向转变为问题导向,拓宽农村融资渠道,提高农户信贷的可得性。     

民营科技企业科技员工任职绩效的评价:基于价值工程理论的思考

民营科技企业是依靠科技含量的高低来维持企业的生存和发展的,而科技含量的高低是由企业科技员工的素质来决定的,企业的竞争力问题归根结底实质上是本企业在员工的任用上是否能充分发挥其员工自身最大潜能的问题。价值工程理论作为一种管理方法和思想,将其与民营科技企业中科技员工的自身特点相结合,分析了企业对科技员工任用的合理性及其调整改进的措施,并从经济学的收益和成本的关系对比中理性的评价了科技员工任职绩效。     

“Z计分”模型在浙江省民营上市公司财务风险监测与危机预警中的应用

浙江省民营上市公司是全国民营企业的一个缩影,其存在的财务隐患具有普遍性,存在财务危机的上市公司所占比例较高。企业管理当局应积极采取应对措施,将＂Z计分＂模型应用于企业财务风险监测与危及预警之中。以＂Z计分＂模型为基础,建立综合财务风险预警体系,可对企业经营、管理的各种行为及时作出评估,对风险信号（如出现产品积压,质量下降,应收账增大,成本上升）等进行监测,并根据其形成原因及过程,采取相应切实可行的风险管理策略,降低危害程度,确保企业健康发展。