The Relationships of Destination Image,Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions: An Integrated Model

Built upon the tourism and marketing literature, a conceptual model depicting the relationship among tourism destination image components, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions was proposed. A conceptual model consisting of six hypotheses was empirically tested using survey data from 550 Chinese tourists who visited Zhang-Jia-Jie, a major Chinese tourism destination shown on the list of the World Natural Heritage. The empirical findings reveal that: (a) overall tourism destination is reflected by both cognitive image and affective image, and (b) overall tourism destination image has an indirect impact on behavioral intentions through satisfaction. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed before the article concludes with limitations and directions for future research.     

China in the Eyes of Western Travelers as Represented in Travel Blogs

Travel blogs provide a new way of understanding consumers' perceptions on destination and its associated products. The purpose of this study was to examine international tourists' destination image of China as represented in travel blog discourse. Data were obtained from blog entries relating to trips to China posted on three dominant travel blog websites. Content analysis facilitated by Atlas.ti 6.0 was performed on a total of 89 China-related travel blogs. The study identified the most frequently discussed aspects of tourists' experiences in China. The results also indicated that the blog authors had mixed and paradoxical images of China as identified by previous research. Marketing implications for China's tourism development based on the results were discussed.     

Environmentally Responsible Behavior in Ecotourism: Exploring the Role of Destination Image and Value Perception

Creating more environmental awareness among tourists and inducing environmentally responsible behavior is an essential precondition for, as well as consequence of, ecotourism. The aim of this study is to explore what role destination image and value perception play in shaping environmentally responsible behavior. A survey involving 332 valid questionnaires was conducted at an ecological area in Southern Taiwan. The results of structural equation modeling show that the cognitive image of the eco-site induces environmentally responsible behavior via its affective image and tourists' perceived value. Affective image and perceived value can subsequently enhance the environmental consciousness of tourists and their specific concern for the ecological environment, thus enhancing their environmentally responsible behavior at the eco-site. With environmentally responsible behavior an essential aspect in ecotourism, this study emphasizes destination image and value perception as important antecedents to environmentally responsible behavior. The study concludes with managerial suggestions.     

国际旅游者出游的隐性相关因素分析——以我国主要入境客源国为例

本文从影响旅游者出行的隐性相关因素角度,以2003年截面数据为准,选取了17个国家和6项同旅游者出境旅游及花费相关的隐性相关因素进行了因子和聚类分析.分析结果显示:旅游者出境人数和花费主要受客源国人均GDP、国民教育水平、消费水平和稳定的消费环境、民用航空业发达程度因素的影响;我国17个主要客源国因隐性相关因素的影响而聚合为5大类;其来华旅游人数和其总体出境旅游人数相比还处于较低水平;短期内我国入境游客源国的开发重点应该是1-4类国际客源国.     

Travel Motivation,Destination Image and Visitor Satisfaction of International Tourists After the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake: A Structural Modelling Approach

This study investigates the relationships between travel motivation, destination image and overall satisfaction of international tourists visiting Sichuan province after the great Wenchuan earthquake of 2008. Did the earthquake influence tourist’ motivations for visiting Sichuan either positively or negatively, and did the earthquake affect their image of the province as desirable travel destination? Survey data collected from 346 international tourists in Chengdu, the provincial capital, revealed that respondents were primarily motivated by Sichuan's traditional attractions – its scenery and the giant pandas native to the area rather than by the earthquake. Structural equation modelling revealed a statistically significant relationship between travel motivation and overall visitor satisfaction, as well as relationships between travel motivation and types of destination image. Furthermore, both positive and negative destination images seem to have an effect on overall satisfaction. This study implies that international tourists to Sichuan tend to visit for its scenery and wildlife; the 2008 earthquake has had little effect on their travel motivations and destination images; and these visitors hold positive images of the province.     

旅行社经理人工作倦怠的影响因素研究

旅行社企业内外部众多的新老问题困扰着旅行社经理人的工作,长期的高压工作很容易转化成工作倦怠,严重影响他们的工作幸福感.了解旅行社经理人工作倦怠产生的影响因素及发展过程对提升旅行社经理人工作幸福感,促进旅游业的健康、可持续发展有着重要的理论和实践意义.文章采用内容分析法,通过与旅行社经理人的访谈搜集资料,并运用扎根理论对资料进行处理与分析,研究发现:①旅行社经理人工作倦怠产生的影响因素包括角色冲突、工作控制感、组织和社会支持感3个正向因素和情绪智力这一负向因素.②旅行社经理人工作倦怠的产生过程是情感耗竭—情绪调动—个人成就感降低,这与其他行业从业人员工作倦怠的情感耗竭—去人性化—个人成就感降低发展过程有所不同.     

黄浦江两岸游憩空间意象比较研究

基于城市意象理论,采用网络文本分析法对黄浦江两岸游憩空间结构性意象与独特性意象进行比较研究,以推动黄浦江两岸旅游意象塑造,促进两岸协同发展。结果显示:各具特色的意象元素使黄浦江西岸形成了历史文化景观,东岸形成了现代都市景观,整体意象感知由核心区向周围衰减;意象五要素在两岸空间意象构成中的作用强度不同,标志物和区域是两岸公共主导意象要素,西岸道路要素可意象度高于东岸,共享边界黄浦江是两岸意象形成的基本参照系;文化内涵是西岸特色意象形成的基调,现代服务功能是东岸特色意象形成的关键。基于以上研究,对黄浦江两岸游憩空间意象塑造、品质提升及协同发展提出相关建议。     

Cross-cultural comparison of the image of Guam perceived by Korean and Japanese leisure travelers: Importance–performance analysis

As international tourism becomes a global phenomenon and its volume increases rapidly, understanding cultural differences and similarities provides destination marketers in a host country with a strategic platform upon which any planning and marketing efforts should be grounded. Based on the theory of cultural value orientation, the current study focuses on a cross-cultural comparison between the two markets most important to Guam tourism: Japanese and Korean leisure travelers. Using Importance–performance analysis, the evaluative image of Guam perceived by Korean travelers is compared with that perceived by Japanese travelers to uncover any differences between these two nationality groups. The results clearly indicate a contrast between the two groups in terms of destination evaluations and behavioral patterns.     

The functional-psychological continuum in the cognitive image of a destination: A confirmatory analysis

This paper analyses the cognitive component of the image of a destination from a dual perspective. Firstly, we study its composition by positing three positions on a continuum: functional, mixed and psychological, which are analysed using confirmatory factor analysis. Secondly, we study the influence of these components on tourists' overall image of the destination and on their future behaviour intentions, using structural equation analysis. The results show that the psychological and functional components exercise the greatest influence on the overall image of the destination. Overall image was found to influence future behaviour intentions consistently, while the functional component is relevant for revisit intention and the psychological component for the intention to recommend.     

Evaluating the Total Factor Productivity Growth of National Parks in China with Data Enveloped Analysis

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the total factor productivity (TFP) growth of national parks in China. The method of Malmquist Productivity Index based on data enveloped analysis is used. The result shows that 58.33% of national parks in China improved their TFP, and their mean score reached 3.42 in 2001–2005. When the decompositions are considered, 90.28% of them decreased their efficiency and 98.59% of them increased their technology. Correlation analysis indicates that these national parks' TFP is more constrained by their efficiency change than technology change. The correlation coefficients of them with Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) reach to 0.7834 and 0.9367, respectively. Overall, the authors hold the opinion that most national parks in China increased their TFP during this period, but hindered by their inputs scale for preservation function, the efficiency of them deteriorated but the technology increased, further influencing the TFP. Finally, some methods to improve the performance of national parks for the governments and managers are discussed.     

家庭旅游决策研究的中国化理论视角与分析思路

家庭作为社会结构的基础单元,一直是社会科学领域的重点研究对象。比较而言,国外旅游研究领域虽长期重视家庭旅游决策研究,但其理论成果的本土化应用仍值得质疑,重要原因之一是不同社会文化背景下消费者行为内涵与表现的独特性。由此,文章在国外相关研究成果的分析上提出了家庭旅游决策研究的本土化理论视角（现象学视角——发现问题;社会学与心理学视角——提炼与解析问题;管理学视角——解决问题）与分析思路（家庭结构;意识形态;内容与结构组成）。以期该命题的中国本土化研究能归于本源,凸显中国本土社会文化下家庭旅游决策行为的基本风貌。     

Exploratory Study of the Measurement Scales for the Perceived Image and Advertising Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsers in a Tourism Context

This article presents an exploratory study of the scales used to measure the perceived image and advertising effectiveness of celebrity endorsers in a tourism context. The respondents are tourists from mainland China who were exposed to manipulated tourism destination advertisements. The results indicate that the dimension of trustworthiness is not as distinct as has been proposed, and the framework was modified accordingly. The revised model achieved an acceptable fit and is deemed appropriate for follow-up studies.     

Consumer Insights and the Importance of Competitiveness Factors for Mature and Developing Destinations

This article aims to understand the importance of various destination attributes to the competitiveness of tourism destinations from a consumer perspective, while at the same time contrasting these in a mature versus developing destination. A sample of Australian-based domestic tourists were surveyed to assess the relative importance of tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) attributes in the context of developing and mature destinations. This research firstly appears to verify that the importance of many TDC elements, highlighted by consumers, is not dissimilar from other stakeholder-based TDC studies. Furthermore, this research effort established that in terms of attribute performance, relative destination immaturity may well constrain a developing destination’s ability to satisfy the needs of consumers.     

Empowerment and resident support for tourism in rural Central and Eastern Europe (CEE): the case of Pomerania,Poland

Despite empowerment being a crucial component of sustainable tourism, few scholars have quantitatively operationalized empowerment and looked at how it applies to rural societies within the post-communist European Union (EU) member states. Knowing the high priority of sustainable rural development goals within the EU, empowering residents within these post-communist societies has become a pertinent issue especially where those societies appear more reluctant to engaging in democratic ways of decision-making. In response to this gap, this study tests the cross-cultural validity of the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale, and then evaluates how empowerment predicts residents’ support for tourism within the municipality of Choczewo, Pomerania, Poland. Using a theoretical perspective that blends Social Exchange Theory with Weber's Theory of Formal and Substantive Rationality, these non-economic empowerment dimensions are coupled with a measure of resident perceptions of economically benefiting from tourism to see if rural residents in Choczewo, Poland, are more swayed by the economic or non-economic benefits of tourism. Results show that residents within this Central and Eastern Europe setting are more influenced by the pride and self-esteem boost associated with psychological empowerment and the perceptions of increased community cohesion (i.e. social empowerment) than the economic promises of tourism.