中国林业对外贸易态势评析

分析了中国林业进出口现状及各类林产品的比较优势,认为作为林产品进口大国,中国林业应在鼓励原材料型林产品进口的同时,加大对林业科研投入,逐步培育木材产品的比较优势;充分利用现有的劳动力资源,积极适应国际市场需求,促进有比较优势的林产品出口。     

The Effects of NAFTA on Trade and Welfare in the U.S. Fresh Tomato Industry

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to measure NAFTA's impact to date and quantify how the producers and consumers of fresh tomatoes in the United States, Canada and Mexico have benefited or lost. Changes in consumer and producer surpluses were calculated in 2001 US dollars based on simulations of two scenarios. The analysis found that U.S. consumers captured $12.1 billion more surplus than they would have captured had NAFTA not been enacted. Mexican fresh tomato producers gained an additional $2.08 billion in surplus due to NAFTA. In contrast to Mexican growers, U.S. and Canadian producers appear not to have benefited economically from NAFTA. Findings suggest that U.S. producers would have earned $3.29 billion more if NAFTA had not gone into effect. Canadian producer surplus with NAFTA was estimated to be approximately $20 million less with NAFTA, and the total net benefit from NAFTA was found to be a positive $10.87 billion.     

中国企业应对国际合法林产品贸易需求现状调研分析

在问卷调查,利益方访谈和实地调研的基础上,对中国企业应对国际合法林产品贸易需求的现状进行了调查和分析,包括对非法采伐贸易法规的认知程度、产生的影响、市场需求、已有的应对措施、面临的挑战,并提出了如何应对的政策建议。结果表明:欧美发达国家纷纷出台的针对非法采伐的贸易法规已对包括中国在内的国际林产品贸易产生了重要影响;中国企业在满足国际市场林产品合法性要求还面临很多的困难与挑战,应从政策、技术、管理和能力建设等多方面提供支持。     

International Poultry Trade and the GATT

This research simulates and evaluates present and future trends in international poultry trade utilizing the Armington framework which allows traded goods to be differentiated by their country of origin. Parameters in the Armington model were estimated, and the trade distorting impacts of tariffs and export subsidies on the international poultry market were simulated. Results illustrate the potential impacts of increased trade protection on future market potential oversees. They also demonstrate the importance of a meaningful agreement on agricultural trade in the Uruguay Round of the GATT.     

Trade Liberalization,Policy Reform and the U.S. Sugar Industry

This study examines the prospects for and potential impacts of liberalized international trade in sugar. It utilizes a state specific, cost of production based estimate of U.S. sugar supply to examine producer surplus under the current sugar policy regime and under a free trade scenario. It also evaluates the long-term viability of sugar production in individual states at free market prices.     

Role of Trade in Satisfying U.S. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Demand

Increases in U.S. consumer incomes result in an increase in imports' share of U.S. consumption. Although U.S. consumers reduce the quantity demanded in response to higher import prices, the reduction is sufficiently inelastic that exporter revenue increases. U.S. Free Trade Agreements have made fresh fruits and vegetables available throughout the year and may also have broadened the U.S. marketing window for imports. Now U.S. food safety regulations favor large operations that can absorb the fixed and seasonal food safety related costs. Therefore, the brunt of the increased import competition is borne by small and medium-size producers.     

Labour Market Adjustment and Intra‐Industry Trade: The Effects of Association on the Hungarian Food Industry

The structure of Hungary’s food trade expansion over the period 1995–2003 and its implications for labour market adjustment are examined. The contributions of the paper are threefold. First, we test the sensitivity of results to the choice of measurement and their implications for the results. Second, we introduce more industry‐specific control variables. Third, we distinguish the short‐ and long‐run adjustment effects. Our results provide some support for the smooth‐adjustment hypothesis of intra‐industry trade. Estimations confirm that industry‐specific variables may have a significant effect on adjustment costs.     

林业产业引进期货贸易机制的实践与障碍

作为贸易形式发展的高级阶段,期货贸易对产业的发展具有重要的意义。林业产业引进期货贸易不仅有多年的历史,而且有多个国家及地区进行了相应的实践,但效果并不理想。主要障碍来自林业产业自身的特殊性,即同质性的产品市场容量有限限制了相应期货市场必要的交易量,产业纵向一体化结构降低了相关企业的避险需求。我国营林业经营主体的分散以及木材加工业的快速发展提升了引进期货贸易的可能性。     

Patterns and Determinants of International Trade Costs in the Food Industry

This paper documents patterns in international trade costs in processed foods for a large cross‐section of developing and developed countries, during the 1976–2000 period. A trade costs index is inferred from a micro‐founded gravity equation that incorporates bilateral ‘iceberg’ trade costs. For 2000, the trade costs, expressed as weighted average tariff equivalent, range from 73% for the north to 134% for the south countries. The time patterns show an average reduction of about 13% in the observed period that rises to 26% for the emerging countries. However, the same does not occur for south countries. On ranking the trade costs determinants, we find that, on average, geographical and historical factors seem to dominate those of infrastructure and institutions. However, trade policy emerges as an important determinant of the trade costs between north and emerging countries.     

Factors Affecting the Allocation of Trade Promotions in the U.S. Food Distribution System

Although many have proposed theories explaining trade promotion (TP) behavior by manufacturers, lack of data has prevented empirical assessment. We employ survey data to explore the effect of manufacturer and retailer bargaining power on the allocation of TPs in the U.S. food sector. The survey respondents consist of retailers controlling 40% of retail sales in U.S. supermarkets. Retailer bargaining power increases the allocation of funds to off-invoice TPs through higher share of private label and retailer size. Manufacturer bargaining power decreases the allocation of funds to off-invoice TPs by establishing formal policies of negotiation.     

Trade Bans, Imperfect Competition, and Welfare: BSE and the U.S. Beef Industry

Between May 2003 and July 2005, the U.S. beef industry faced a total ban on Canadian cattle imports following the discovery of BSE in Canada in May 2003 and restrictions on U.S. beef exports following the discovery of BSE in the United States in December 2003. When the United States reopened its border to Canadian cattle in July 2005, shipments were restricted to cattle less than 30 months of age. The total ban on Canadian cattle imports and restrictions on U.S. beef exports overlapped between January 2004 and July 2005. The restrictions on Canadian cattle imports and U.S. beef exports overlapped for some time after July 2005. This paper addresses theoretically and empirically how to disentangle the impact on the U.S. beef industry of the BSE-related beef trade interruptions in the presence of overlaps and imperfect competition. Entre mai 2003 et juillet 2005, l'industrie bovine américaine s'est vue imposer une interdiction d'importer des bovins canadiens à la suite de la découverte d'un cas d'ESB au Canada en mai 2003 ainsi que des restrictions quant aux exportations de bœuf américain à la suite de la découverte d'un cas d'ESB aux États-Unis en décembre 2003. En juillet 2005, les États-Unis ont rouvert leur frontière aux bovins canadiens vivants de moins de 30 mois uniquement. L'interdiction absolue d'importer des bovins canadiens et les restrictions sur les exportations de bœuf américain se sont chevauchées entre janvier 2004 et juillet 2005. Les restrictions sur les importations de bovins canadiens et les exportations de bœuf américain se sont chevauchées pendant quelque temps après juillet 2005. Le présent article s'est penché sur les façons, théoriques et empiriques, de démĉler les répercussions que les interruptions du commerce du bœuf attribuables à l'ESB ont eues sur l'industrie bovine américaine en présence de chevauchements et de concurrence imparfaite.     

技术创新对木材加工业低碳贸易竞争力的影响

基于39个国家的面板数据,运用个体固定效应模型、面板工具变量法等,考察了技术创新对低碳约束情境下的木材加工业产业国际竞争力的影响。研究结果表明:随着低碳经济时代的到来,由要素驱动的产业发展模式会逐渐成为木材加工业国际竞争力进一步提高的瓶颈,但技术创新可以有效提升木材加工业的国际竞争力,尤其是在低碳约束下,技术创新对木材加工业国际竞争力的促进作用存在"后发优势"。     

后危机时代中国家具业加工贸易转型升级路径探析

在分析中国家具业加工贸易发展现状的基础上,针对后危机时代中国家具业加工贸易转型升级面临着中国家具加工贸易附加值低,处于国际分工的低端;企业核心竞争力不足,转型升级成本高;人民币持续升值,劳动力优势不断削弱;欧美各国非关税壁垒制约不断增加等问题,提出了培育自主创新能力,努力提高加工贸易企业核心竞争力;发展家具创意与营销,大力提升产品附加值;发展家具产业集群,统一规划发展家具加工贸易园区;建立灵活的人才培养和激励机制等后危机时代中国家具业加工贸易转型升级的路径选择。     

Market and Cost Structure in the U.S. Beef Packing Industry: A Plant-Level Analysis

A resurgence of consolidation in the U.S. meat packing industry in the past few decades has stimulated academic and policy debate. Issues raised include the role of cost economies in driving these patterns, and the effects on the agricultural sector (cattle producers) from market power. Here, plant level cost and revenue data for U.S. beef packing plants are used to estimate a cost-based model incorporating cattle- and output-market pricing behavior. The robust results indicate little market power exploitation in either the cattle input or beef output markets, and that any apparent evidence is counteracted by cost efficiencies such as utilization and scope economies.     

U.S. Canned Tuna Supply and Demand

Abstract

A 3SLS econometric model is used to estimate price elasticities of supply and demand for domestically produced and imported canned tuna in the U.S. market. In addition, a VAR model is developed to examine the relations between imports and domestically produced canned tuna. For domestically produced canned tuna, a 3SLS estimation of a structural econometric model yielded a coefficient for price elasticity of supply of 0.2 and of own-price demand of ?0.3. Such price inelasticities are expected of a fishery exploited at or near its maximum yields (inelastic supply), and a consumer product widely viewed as almost a necessity in a well-stocked pantry (inelastic demand). In addition, the model yielded a cross-price elasticity of demand with respect to the price of imported canned tuna of 0.45. Additional results include an income elasticity U.S. demand for domestically packed tuna of 0.83; a cross-price elasticity with the price of bread (a complement) of ?0.33, a cross-price elasticity for the price of ground meat (a substitute) of 0.30. With respect to imported canned tuna in the U.S. market, the corresponding elasticities estimated in the model are ?1.3 (own-price demand), 3.5 (income elasticity), ?1.2 (cross-price with the price of bread) and 2.5 (cross-price with the price of ground meat).

For canned tuna company managers, the results provide useful information about the likely effects on sales that would come from their own price changes, from changes in the price of imported canned tuna, and from price changes in the markets for complementary and substitute products. They can also use our results in discussions with U.S. trade negotiators, who are frequently faced with disputes over tariffs, market access, and other trade issues.     

Trade Elasticity,Gravity and Trade Liberalisation: Evidence from the Food Industry

We present an econometric investigation of the trade effect produced by the elimination of tariffs in 18 food sectors for a large sample of developing and developed countries. The standard CES monopolistic competition trade model and the gravity equation were used to estimate trade substitution elasticities, exploring their sensitivity to different estimation methods. Using these elasticities, we simulate the trade effect of the elimination of tariffs, dealing with the problem of uncertainty in the estimated values. Results point to a significant variation in the elasticities estimated by different econometric methods, suggesting that the Poisson pseudo‐maximum‐likelihood estimator significantly inflates their magnitude. Simulation results indicate that trade liberalisation will strongly increase food exports especially from high income and emerging countries, leading to a general loss of market share by developing countries. The simulated trade flows obtained from the econometric approach are quite close to current evidence based on computable general equilibrium models.     

Technological Change and Economies of Scale in U.S. Poultry Processing

This article uses a unique data set provided by the Census Bureau and a translog cost function to empirically examine technological change in the U.S. poultry industry. Results reveal substantial scale economies that show no evidence of diminishing with plant size and that are much greater than those realized in cattle and hog slaughter. Findings suggest that consolidation is likely to continue, particularly if demand growth diminishes, and that controlling for plant product mix is critical to accurate cost estimates.     

黑龙江省林产品贸易对林业产业发展影响浅析

阐述了黑龙江省林产品贸易及林业产业发展现状,运用相关分析法分析了黑龙江省原木、锯材及纸浆等主要林产品进出口贸易对其林业产业发展的影响。研究结果表明:林产品的进口额与林产工业产值之间不具有相关性,说明黑龙江省近年林产品的进口对林产工业发展的贡献不大;而林产品的出口额与林业产业产值之间具有较高的相关性,林产品的出口带动了黑龙江省林业产业的发展。因此,提出了优化林产品贸易结构、完善林产品贸易法规及加快林业产业结构升级等针对性的对策。     

Examining the Leontief Paradox in U.S. Agricultural Trade

Factor intensity of United States agricultural trade is examined in the context of Leontief's classic paradox using Leontief's method as well as methods developed recently by Leamer and others. Findings indicate that factor endowments are important determinants of U.S. agriculture's comparative advantage in trade as suggested by the Heckscher-Ohlin theory.