两岸土地改革60年回顾、比较及启示

研究目的:比较分析两岸土地改革的历程和经验,增进对土地改革的理解和启示。研究方法:文献资料法和比较分析法。研究结果:(1)1949年以来,大陆历经5阶段、台湾历经3阶段的土地改革;(2)两岸土地改革动力、阻力、本质、演进路径等相同;(3)两岸土地改革的思想渊源、改革方式、衍生问题等有所不同。研究结论:(1)两岸土地改革积累了宝贵经验,可供相互参考和借鉴;(2)土地改革要与社会经济发展阶段相适应;(3)土地改革要协调各方利益,提供正确激励。     

Future themes in the operational environment of the Finnish cadastral system

The cadastral systems used in each country and region have developed through the centuries to their current form. We cannot assume that the current situation will remain the same from this point to the future. There are signs in recent studies and development projects throughout the world that those cadastral systems which are traditionally seen as well-functioning also need to be renewed as society changes at a rapid pace.This study is set up to analyze the future needs of a cadastral system and registers related to it in Finland. The objective of the study is to reveal future themes affecting the operational environment of the cadastral system by using research methods provided by futurology. The method used in this study is called environmental scanning and it consists of three phases: collecting events, recognizing phenomena and combining the phenomena as themes.The study analyses 352 literature sources and reveals 14 different future themes in the operational environment of the cadastral system, which are economic pressure, demographic changes, development of technology, transparent society, safety, environmental values, globalization, digitalization, know-how, quality, political change, soft values, public-private partnership and crowd sourcing. The future themes, their possible relations between each other and their significance for the cadastral system are analyzed by using the concepts of megatrends, trends, wild cards, driving forces and weak signals and reflecting the results to research made in the field of land management internationally.The results can be used when renewing a cadastral system, in order to consider possible future themes that may affect the system. Detecting and recognizing the future themes provides an opportunity to react and change the course of action in order to adapt to the future. The results are not only usable in the Finnish context, but can also be applied in other countries⿿ development of their cadastre and as part of environmental scanning.     

基于BP神经网络的三峡库区开县耕地面积预测研究

开县是三峡库区的一个农业大县,选择开县为研究点,一方面探讨BP神经网络在县域内应用的可行性;另一方面探讨开县耕地变化的过程及其相关影响因子,并预测开县耕地的数量,为开县的耕地资源保护和农业的可持续发展提供保证。利用二元定距变量相关分析的方法分析耕地数量和相关指标的相关性系数,同时利用BP神经网络的方法,训练得出耕地面积与相关指标的关系,然后利用训练网络建立预测模型。通过二元定距变量相关分析得出年末总人口等14个指标与耕地的数量相关性明显。然后通过BP神经网络训练出指标与耕地面积的关系,其训练精度达0.00001,利用该网络预测出了开县2008年、2010年、2015年、2020年的耕地面积。     

Risk Perceptions, Risk Preference, and Acceptance of Risky Food

Consumers' risk preferences are often overlooked in studies of consumer demand for risky food. We find that risk preferences elicited through context-less lottery choices are significantly related to consumers' stated preferences for genetically modified (GM) food. These results suggest risk preferences elicited in the laboratory are not artificial in the sense that they appear to be related to the same risk preferences that govern other individual decisions such as food choice. Consistent with theoretical expectations, risk perceptions and risk preferences were found to be significant determinants of acceptance of GM food, which has important implications for explaining consumer behavior.     

Reasons for introducing 3D property in a legal system—Illustrated by the Swedish case

The use of three-dimensional (3D) property rights has for many years been a tool for providing secure and lasting rights for the use of land and its volume of space in complex situations involving land use in the urban society. The aim of this article is to investigate the reasons for introducing 3D property in a legal system. This is illustrated by using the Swedish system as an example. In general, without the possibility of forming 3D property units with direct ownership, other forms have to be used, such as indirect ownership or granted user rights. Benefits of ownership in comparison with different types of rights include a more secure way of guaranteeing the possession of real property and the possibility of mortgaging the property. There are lower transaction costs compared with user rights, arising from legally securing three-dimensionally delimited parts of real property. 3D property also enables an increase in the density of private ownership. 3D property is a useful way of solving problems related to the use of space by different parties with different needs. In the Swedish legislation the introduction of 3D property formation has increased the possibility of constructing and financing in particular large and more complex facilities. It has created more secure and clear ways of constructing infrastructure objects and separating them from other types of use within the space of the same traditional property.     

食品中总灰分测定方法的简化

目的:探讨同一方法用于不同种类食品中总灰分测定的可行性.方法:按照国家标准规定的两种灰分测定方法,选取不同种类食品分别进行测定.结果:标准规定的6类食品14种样品的灰分,均可以采用经酸处理过的坩埚,并加入助灰化剂测定,符合标准要求.结论:统一实验方法后,实验重现性较好,提高了日常检验效率.     

城乡统筹的村级土地利用规划基本问题研究

研究目的：为正在逐步开展的村级土地利用规划编制工作提供参考。研究方法：归纳综合法。研究结果:虽然村级土地利用规划存在着各种各样的问题,但中国很有必要开展村级土地利用规划。研究结论:开展村级土地利用规划要突出乡村特色,要加强规划能力建设,要按照需求导向、分类指导的原则逐步开展相关标准的研究,并按需试点开展村级土地利用规划编制工作。     

城镇土地分等定级估价数据库标准化研究

研究目的:总结分析城镇土地分等定级估价数据库标准化工作的研究进展与现状,提出数据库标准研制中应包括的主要内容,指出标准化建设的发展趋势及工作中应注意的问题.研究方法:文献资料法、比较分析法.研究结论:标准化工作应与技术进步、实际应用需求等同步发展,且注重标准间的相互协调性,以此为指导思想,城镇土地分等定级估价数据库标准的研制应兼顾规范性、延续性与实用性.     

ON THE GROWTH OF THE AGRICULTURAL FIRM*

Theoretical problems involved in the reconciliation of the assumption of constant returns to scale with determinacy of firm size are discussed with particular reference to Australian farms. Various techniques for examining changes in the size distribution of firms are examined and their use demonstrated. The work is stochastic rather than deterministic. B.A.E. sheep industry survey data is used and flock size is used as the measure of farm size. The results do not suggest that inequality in the distribution of farm sizes is increasing. Growth differs between flock sizes within the same region and for the same flock size between regions. Profitability seems to be relatively larger in the medium flock sizes.     

Measuring Producers' Risk Preferences: A Global Risk-Attitude Construct

In applied agricultural economic research various risk-attitude elicitation techniques are used. Here, we investigate whether risk-attitude measures rooted in the expected utility framework are related to measures rooted in the multi-item scale framework. Using a second-order factor analytical model, and data obtained from personal computer-guided interviews with 373 farmers, we investigate whether the common variance among the (latent) risk-attitude measures can be accounted for by a global risk-attitude construct. We find that the different risk-attitude measures are related, and that the global risk-attitude construct is significantly related to farmers' intention to use futures contracts. Our research suggests that farmers' risk attitude is a higher-order characteristic that cannot be effectively extracted by a single measure.     

Credit Risk and the Demand for Agricultural Loans

This paper uses the lender–borrower relationship to provide insight into the impirical estimation of loan demand/contract curves for agricultural loans. Loan demand is shown to be determined partly by lenders'willingness to provide debt. The implicit solution to the loan contract curve in the lender–borrower relationship is derived from the cumulative probability distribution function of loan losses, which is the same measure used as the dependent variable in credit scoring models. Consequently, empirical estimation of loan demand can be obtained from credit scoring models. This paper presents the theory and then provides loan demand estimates and elasticities using Farm Credit Corporation cross-sectional and time-series data. Empirical estimates indicate the possibility of a backward-bending loan demand curve, which may indicate some credit ationing in agriculture.     

如何做好新时期的农村扶贫开发工作

新时期我国扶贫开发工作面临着巨大挑战。要完成新时期的扶贫开发任务,必须按照党的十八大的战略部署,重点做好完善财政综合扶贫政策体系、健全基本公共服务均等化的保障机制、促进贫困地区城镇化和生态文明建设等工作,同时应着力优化扶贫开发工作的体制机制,保证扶贫开发政策的高效执行。     

基于空间扩散方程的天水市城镇土地基准地价平衡研究

研究目的：通过天水市城镇土地基准地价平衡研究,解决同一区域内不同城镇基准地价客观反映城镇之间的经济差异和地价水平的问题。研究方法：多维城镇土地分等指标体系,非均质地价空间扩散方程。研究结果：天水市商业地价与城镇之间质量及距中心城镇距离成负相关性,商业基准地价平衡前后差异较大,但平衡后地价符合实际情况。研究结论：从城市空间结构来看,位于“强场强区”内的城镇,其地价主要受中心城镇扩散的影响,而位于“弱场强区”内的城镇,其地价是中心城镇扩散和周围城镇共同作用的结果;影响平衡前后地价变动的主要因素为城镇质量（综合分值）和距中心城镇距离,且与城镇本身的区位交通条件关联较大。     

Analysis of spatial variance clustering in the hedonic modeling of housing prices

This paper examines the spatial dependency exhibited by the error term variance of hedonic modeling based on German housing price data. To this end, it applies the spatial autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (SARCH) model previously discussed in housing literature, which allows for the consideration of spatial dependency when modeling the error variance of hedonic pricing. This model represents a spatialized version of the well-known ARCH-model used in time series analysis. Consistent with previous findings, this paper confirms the existence of spatial conditional heteroscedasticity, i.e. dependency in the error variance. However, this spatial dependency is not a global phenomenon, but can be ascribed to spatial concentrations of apartments with a relatively high variance in a small number of the same neighborhoods. The analysis of spatial heteroscedasticity helps to improve the estimation efficiency and prediction accuracy. In addition, spatial differences can be used to account for idiosyncratic risk when conducting mass appraisal.     

内环流系统与防护剂联用防治书虱试验

为探索储粮仓房书虱防治方法,本试验利用书虱"亲湿"的生物学特征,通过内环流系统调控储粮仓房内温湿度,同时结合近年来使用储粮防护剂进行原粮防护的保管经验,进行了多项对比试验。通过试验观察,发现冬季使用小功率风机进行下行式吸出通风蓄冷,夏季合理使用内环流系统调控仓内温湿度,并按照适时用药原则进行原粮防护,在做好物理隔离的前提下,可有效减少仓内特别是粮堆表层书虱虫口密度。     

Modeling weekly Canary tomato exports

The European tomato market is characterized by a constant process of dynamic adjustment towards equilibrium. Furthermore, Canary Island tomato exports cause a high seasonal impact on market prices in the winter period. In these circumstances, an adequate distribution of weekly shipments throughout the year could contribute to maximize producers' profits. Moreover, Canary export levels show some degree of instability, clearly related to the changes in the EU trade rules and there is a long period, in the summer, without exports. The aim of this article is to analyze the long‐term movements and, particularly, the seasonal pattern of Canary Island tomato exports throughout the last two decades. To observe more clearly the exporter's decisions, weekly data have been used. The instabilities in the long‐term behavior of the series and the specific nature of the seasonal pattern should be taken into account, to capture the performance of exports accurately. Thus, this analysis is carried out using the structural approach to time series analysis, and the usefulness of spline functions as a tool capable of modeling seasonal variations for which the period does not remain the same over time is shown.     

Farmer knowledge across the commodification spectrum: Rice,cotton, and vegetables in Telangana,India

Crop seeds are a factor of production that can be produced on farm or bought, commodified in varying ways and degrees, and that can change slowly or rapidly—all of which directly impact the crucial process of farmer “skilling.” Seed choices also offer a unique empirical window through which farmer knowledge may be studied. Although other studies have examined the differences between cash and food crops, this research provides new insights into varyingly commodified crops within the same agrarian system. When planting rice, genetically modified hybrid cotton seeds, and garden vegetables, farmers in Telangana, India, face different constraints and opportunities to learn about their seeds and practice that knowledge in the field. These differences arise from agronomic properties of the seeds themselves as well as from the sociocultural meaning that structures the context in which farmers buy, grow, and save them. This measurable discrepancy in farmer knowledge and experience presents an opportunity to examine the variable impact of seed commodification as it is experienced by the same group of farmers across several different crops. Building on theories of commodification and agricultural knowledge, we propose that the different ways in which farmer knowledge operates in these crops reflect a spectrum on which knowledge and commodification are inversely related.     

Mixed integration of individual background,attitudes and tastes for landscape management

This paper discusses the design and analysis of a choice experiment regarding preferences for possible transformations of a mountain landscape traditionally used for grazing. Visual impacts related to changing a mountain landscape associated with a new ski resort development are evaluated versus an option with less environmental impact, such as a health spa or “no development”. A multi-level latent class framework is applied to simultaneously obtain those groups of people who choose similarly and are grouped locally, but are also defined by their location, assuming that their choices are representative of what they like and would choose. Groups from the mountains are classified into one specific grand class. Some individuals who live in urban areas have attitudes and beliefs similar to those who live in the mountains, and they also are classified into that same grand class. The model also identifies seven lower-level groups of individuals, each with their own structure of preferences.     

浅析食品生产加工的质量保证

食品生产加工质量安全直接关系着人们的身体健康和生命安全,而随着我国经济的快速发展,人民生活水平的不断提高,对食品生产加工质量安全的要求也不断提升。同时,食品生产加工的质量备受社会各方面的高度关注,是衡量国民幸福指数的重要因素。本文从食品生产加工的基础条件、质量标准和法律保障等方面进行论证,探析建立食品生产加工过程的质量安全保证。     

区域后备适宜建设用地评价方法探讨--以广西崇左市为例

运用“反规划”的理念、按照“反规划”的思路,总结区域后备适宜建设用地评价的理论和方法,采用GIS空间叠加分析、计算机辅助等技术,以广西崇左市为研究区域综合考虑地质灾害危险性、地形坡度、石漠化、重要生态保护区、基本农田、水域等要素,通过单因素、多因素综合评价环节确定崇左市后备适宜建设用地。评价结果可引导现有城镇和产业逐步迁出土地开发建设不适宜区,在编制相关规划时将城镇和产业布局在土地开发建设适宜区,同时引导城镇化工业化向区域后备适宜建设用地进行拓展。