The "Invisible Hand"

The argument of the "Invisible Hand" is that the system of free enterprise benefits society in general even though it is not the aim of any particular economic agent to do that. This article proposes an analysis of why this is so. The key is that the morality of the market forbids only force and fraud; it does not require people to do good to others. Nevertheless, when all transactions are voluntary to both parties, that is exactly what we can expect to happen. This is both because the sum of the benefits of innumerable transactions, which are beneficial to both parties, is very great, but also and especially because of Positive Externalities. People use the particular products and services they get in market exchanges in ways that benefit others in ways not at all foreseen by the agents to those transactions at the time. These externalities range from the benefits of invention and ingenuity to the exercise of charity and philanthropy, all of which flourish in developed capitalist societies.     

Business Should Be Its Own Therapist: Observing the "Governance Ethics" of Taiwanese Enterprises

Taiwanese enterprises generally display a tacit acceptance and practice of globally-recognized business ethics such as the respect of human rights. Yet some Taiwanese business supervisors subscribe instead to a philosophy of leadership, dubbed "pseudo-harmony", which actively seeks to evade responsibility and any conflict of interest with profitability. Meanwhile other Taiwanese entrepreneurs are even less enlightened, dictatorially upholding self-serving regimes which operate on a philosophy which is euphemistically referred to as "householder management".These attitudes result in the sub-optimal development of "organizational democratization" within Taiwanese enterprises and hi-light the fragility of "ethical leadership" in Taiwan. There is a strong argument, therefore, that Taiwanese business needs to become both its own analyst and therapist if it is to enhance its "governance ethics". Only this way can the nation's enterprises evolve their ethical responsibilities to stakeholders and sustain their competitiveness in a global market that increasingly demands an adherence to ethical standards.     

An investigation of brand placement effects on brand attitudes and purchase intentions: Brand placements versus TV commercials

Brand placements are gradually becoming an important part of promotional toolkit of many major companies. However, despite the increasing volume of research on brand placements during the last decade, several important questions still remain unanswered. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of brand placements in television sitcoms and contrast it with the effectiveness of 30-second commercials. The authors administer a quasi-natural experiment to a sample of research panel participants to investigate how brand placements in television sitcoms affect their attitudes and purchase intentions. Results of the study suggest that people have a more positive attitude toward brand placements than toward traditional television commercials. Moreover, placements can be more effective than 30-seconds commercials when targeting audiences with low attitude toward advertising. Finally, a combination of a brand placement and a commercial within one program doesn't significantly increase brand attitudes and purchase intentions compared with sole exposure conditions.     

迈克尔·波特"权衡"论的竞争演化诠释

本文认为对迈克尔.波特竞争战略理论中"两种战略优势同时兼得"和"必须在两种基本战略之中权衡和抉择"存在误解,从产业动态演化视角分析了波特所持观点及其演变,提出了产业演化的三阶段背景和二维战略空间中的产业模式演化曲线,以及"权衡点"概念,认为波特的两种论断是在不同情形下作出的,互不矛盾;波特实际上认为经过"权衡"选取一种基本战略是特定产业模式成熟而又缺乏重大创新的特定时期不得不采取的战略措施;在"权衡点"前后,企业可以按照波特第一、第三两个"经典条件"实现两种优势同时兼得;避免或打破"权衡"最重要的途径是首创一项有战略意义的重大创新。     

Business Ethics in The Philippines

The plurality of languages and ethnicities, the geographic fragmentation, the predominant Roman Catholic religion, together with the still relatively short experience in nationhood account for a very peculiar understanding of "business ethics" in the Philippines. The rapid growth and liberalization of the economy, coupled with the inequitable distribution of wealth, the destruction of the environment and corruption are the main ethical concerns. Businesspersons and the academe endeavor to find creative solutions for these unique challenges.     

Taking a " Real-Time " Approach to International Marketing Research

The use of traditional marketing research techniques in an international context suffers from two potentially fatal flaws: the over-reliance on purely quantitative data and through the use of rigidly structured approaches to primary data collection, the inability to gather information on problems/issues not thought of in advance by the developers of the survey instrument(s). A means of overcoming these problems is through the use of "real-lime" marketing research activities; activities targeted at checking and challenging marketplace assumptions. A "real-time" approach to international marketing research as described and contrasted with traditional marketing research techniques. A specific approach to this type of research currently being implemented by an institutional investment company is presented. Managerial guidelines are then given for the consideration, development, and implementation of a "real-time" approach to international marketing research by service companies.     

Ethical Consumerism: The Case Of "Fairly–Traded" Coffee

Consumer concern for "ethical products", or ethical aspects of the goods which they purchase, is a subject of increasing interest and research,which is here illustrated by an examination of the Fair Trade movement, with special reference to coffee as an indicative commodity. Kate Bird, is currently Lecturer in the Development Administration Group, School of Public Policy, Birmingham University, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, having previously worked abroad and written her MSc dissertation at Wye College on fair trade in coffee products. Dr Hughest holds the Sainsbury Chair in Agribusiness and Food Marketing at Wye College, University of London, Wye, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, England (email: D.Hughes@wye.ac.uk), where he is also Director of the Food Industry Management Group. He has wide international experience of food management issues.     

Tax Policies and the “Going-out” Strategy

In recent years,with the rapid development of China＇s economy,more and more Chinese enterprises have actively begun to participate in international competition,and exerted such tremendous influence that they are playing an increasingly significant role in international trade and cooperation. But since the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2007,the road for Chinese domestic     

The "Ethics" of Ethical Investing

There appears to be an implicit assumption by those connected with the ethical investment movement (e.g., ethical investment firms, individual investors, social investment organizations, academia, and the media), that ethical investment is in fact ethical. This paper will attempt to challenge the notion that the ethical mutual fund industry, as currently taking place, is acting in an ethical manner. Ethical issues such as the transparency of the funds and advertising are discussed. Ethical mutual fund screens such as tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and the military are preliminarily examined to better determine whether they can actually be defined as "ethical" screens as opposed to merely social, political, or religious screens. A code of ethics for ethical investment is constructed by which ethical mutual fund firms can be audited for ethical compliance.     

谈谈国富与民富、先富与共富的一些问题

本文认为,把"国富"与"民富"对立和并提是缺乏科学依据的,"国富"与"民富"之间并非完全互相排斥,而是矛盾统一的关系。就"国富"来说,经过改革开放,我国的经济实力也就是"国富"大大增强,但人均GDP不是很高,不能说国家已经很富;就"民富"来说,国民有富有穷,不能一概而论。我国从未明确宣布或实行过所谓"国富优先"的政策,倒是明确宣布并实行了"让一部分人先富起来"的政策。只是多年的实践证明,"让一部分人先富"的目标在很短的历史时期内迅速完成,而"先富带后富,实现共同富裕"的目标却迟迟没有自动实现。文章指出,当前我国收入分配领域最核心的问题不是"国富"与"民富"的矛盾,而是贫富差距急剧扩大与两极分化趋势日益明显的矛盾。克服和扭转贫富差距扩大和两极分化的趋势,不是将"国富优先"转变为"民富优先",而是要明确宣布"让一部分人先富起来"的政策已经完成任务,将之转变为逐步"实现共同富裕"的政策,完成"先富"向"共富"的过渡;要从所有制结构,从强化公有经济为主体、国有经济为主导着手加以解决,只要保持公有制和按劳分配为主体,贫富差距就不会发展到两极分化的程度,从而最终向共同富裕的目标前进。     

《小企业会计制度》之现状

在我国,小企业占全国企业的绝大多数,为了规范小企业国家财政部制定发布了<小企业会计制度>在全国范围内实施,这对进一步贯彻<中华人民共和国会计法>,完善会计制度,规范小企业的会计行为,促进小企业健康发展,具有非常重要的现实意义.     

“蓝箱”与“新蓝箱”:潜在影响与谈判立场

"蓝箱"支持是农业国内支持政策的重要组成部分,其政策改革也成为了世贸组织农业谈判的焦点之一。在回顾乌拉圭回合"蓝箱"支持使用状况的基础上,文章利用"假设削减方案"的研究方法评估了多哈回合"新蓝箱"对中国和主要成员国的潜在影响,并为中国在"蓝箱"政策改革的后续谈判提出了可供选择的提案。     

MOC：Vast Opportunities for “Going-out” Enterprises

When most Chinese enterprises are feeling the chill of financing difficulties arising from exportation crisis,is＂going-out strategy＂can really strike a chord with their hearts and attract them to invest heavily overseas？ Mr.Wang Chao,Assistant Minister of Com- merce told China＇s Foreign Trade,vast opportunities are there for those prudent yet active＂Going-out＂Enterprises.They should     

经济发展与环境保护的“双赢之路”——可持续发展框架下的清洁生产问题分析

作为一种源头削减污染的措施,清洁生产"未雨绸缪",与以往"末端治理"的措施相比,实现了社会效益与经济效益的"双赢"。因此,它不仅是可持续发展的技术保证,也是可持续发展实现的可行途径。为了保证清洁生产的实现,还应该积极倡导绿色物流和绿色消费,政府、企业和消费者也要三管齐下,共同助清洁生产一臂之力。     

How Work Gains Meaning in Contractual Time: A Narrative Model for Reconstructing the Work Ethic

The work ethic has been deeply challenged by two trends – the division of labor and the destruction of continuity in employment. Here a narrative model is proposed for reconstructing the work ethic. Narratives embody assumptions about the flow of time, and work becomes charged with meaning when "contractual time" is interrupted, when new functions are invented to cope with obstacles having to do human character and action. Content for this abstract model is provided by four historical movements in the U.S. having to do with the reorganization of work or work relations: scientific management, the human-relations movement, the human-potential movement, and early management thought.     

西方经济学的“理论假设”剖析

经济学,在西方被称之为"社会科学的皇后"。西方经济学发展过程中的假设演变实际上经历了一个建立、继承、革命、综合、再革命、再综合的过程。对历史上各经济学主要学派的假设进行研究,尤其是将经济学的各派假设与其学派形成时的历史相联系可以更明确地了解和把握经济学的发展历史脉络。     

应该从理论上否定"原罪"概念

本文认为,民间资本、私营经济并无“原罪”。否定“原罪”概念,有三个理由。第一,马克思借用神学概念提出“原罪”,带有否定资本的意思,认为资本一出生就有罪,这不仅与其所说的资本主义生产方式在历史上起的进步作用及生产力标准相矛盾,而且从根本上否定了劳动可以进行积累,合法经营可以致富,与实际情况不符。在一个半世纪之后的今天,资本仍有活力,还能在一定范围内调整生产关系。第二,“原罪”概念是不确定的,不能成为法律用语。把利润等同于“原罪”,认为利润获得者就有“原罪”,是把“原罪”概念泛化了,使之成为一个“莫须有”的罪名。第三,“原罪”是悬在私营业主头上的一把剑,随时可能掉下来。要使民营经济、私营企业健康发展,就是要改善投资环境,落实宪法中保护私有财产的庄严规定。     

Are companies for sale? The Japanese say "iie" (no)

Mergers and acquisitions are a major fact of corporate life in Britain and the US: not so in Japan. The reason is a very different approach to human resource management. Businesses, to the British, are something to be bought and sold like commodities. To the Japanese they are places for people to work together. As a result hostile takeovers are virtually unknown in Japan. Mergers and acquisitions are however, used when internal expansion is found to be inefficient, in particular to diversify into new areas of business. The threat of hostile takeover—the so-called "market for corporate control"—is often regarded as an important spur to corporate efficiency in Britain and the US. The Japanese management system provides incentives of a different nature. Thus the Japanese emphasise a long term view of companies' growth. They value internal expansion through innovation and capital investment. And they undertake extensive training as part of a long term company worker relationship.     

"全面二孩"、人口年龄结构变动与长期经济发展:2017～2050

本文实证分析"全面二孩"政策的实施对人口年龄结构的影响及由此带来的经济发展水平和增长速度的影响.研究结果表明,"全面二孩"政策的实施使少儿抚养比显著提高,劳动年龄人口占比不会上升,老龄化程度得到一定减轻,但无法改变人口迅速老龄化的总趋势.该政策的实施尽管显著提高了少儿抚养比,但并没有创造出新的"人口红利",因而该政策在一定时期内对经济发展水平产生一定的负面影响.     

我国风险投资家面临的困境及出路

风险投资是促进高新技术发展的重要力量,但要使其高效运作,就必须给风险投资家提供比较适当的内外部环境。在我国目前的情况下,我国的风险投资家面临着多种困难,包括法律的、制度的、经济的、自身的等等方面,这就要求社会各个方面共同努力,为风险投资家创造一个良好的发展环境。